{"id":3931,"date":"2025-06-01T12:19:44","date_gmt":"2025-06-01T12:19:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/?p=3931"},"modified":"2025-06-01T12:19:44","modified_gmt":"2025-06-01T12:19:44","slug":"proxemics-closeness-makes-the-jury-grow-fonder","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/2025\/06\/01\/proxemics-closeness-makes-the-jury-grow-fonder\/","title":{"rendered":"PROXEMICS &#8211; CLOSENESS MAKES THE JURY GROW FONDER"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>A new publication from the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, NACDL \u2013 THE BIAS BOOK \u2013 UNPACKING BIAS IN THE CRIMINAL LEGAL SYSTEM \u2013 had a curious segment on \u201cproxemics.\u201d\u00a0 Written by Texas practitioner Mimi Coffey, it had a provocative title \u2013 \u201cUnjust Courtroom Practices: Always Seating The Prosecution Closest To The Jury.\u201d\u00a0 Coffey challenges what she sees as an advantage to the party [the prosecution] sitting nearer to the jury.<\/p>\n<p>So let me start with that term \u201cproxemics.\u201d\u00a0 On LEXIS I found ten (10) case citations to the term.\u00a0 They include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>2 cases involving a business \u2013 Proxemics Consulting<\/li>\n<li>One case where an expert on police practices was directed to not used that term \u201cbecause he is not a social science expert, and th[is] term[] will not be helpful to the jury. <u>Brown v. City of Chicago<\/u>, 2024 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 143720, *32 (N.D. Ill. 2024)<\/li>\n<li>Several involving ensuring sufficient space between a law enforcement officer and a suspect or inmate to ensure safety.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In terms of law review and other secondary sources, much of the writing was about applying proxemics to where one should stand during direct and cross examination, or \u201cthe distance at which witnesses are questioned in the <strong>courtroom<\/strong> and the effect of such choices.\u201d\u00a0 Brodsky <em>et al<\/em>, Attorney Invasion of Witness Space, 23 Law &amp; Psychol. Rev. 49, 59 (Spring 1999). [There is also much written about \u201cproxemics\u201d in general online, albeit with limited applicability to the courtroom setting.\u00a0 <em>See, e.g.<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/us\/basics\/proxemics\">https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/us\/basics\/proxemics<\/a> ; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.communicationtheory.org\/proxemics-and-its-types-explained-with-examples\/\">https:\/\/www.communicationtheory.org\/proxemics-and-its-types-explained-with-examples\/<\/a> ; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scienceofpeople.com\/proxemics\/\">https:\/\/www.scienceofpeople.com\/proxemics\/<\/a> ; and <a href=\"https:\/\/oecs.mit.edu\/pub\/1cafk2cg\/release\/1\">https:\/\/oecs.mit.edu\/pub\/1cafk2cg\/release\/1<\/a> .]<\/p>\n<p>One article was more concrete and potentially pertinent to Coffey\u2019s argument and analysis.\u00a0 Magistrate Judge Jeffrey Wolfe authored The Effect of Location in the Courtroom on Jury Perception of Lawyer Performance, \u00a021 Pepp. L. Rev. 731 (April 1994).\u00a0 Judge Wolfe identified locations [quadrants] in the courtroom as seen in the below diagram:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-3932\" src=\"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2025\/06\/PROXEMICS-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"702\" height=\"249\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Studying 21 student mock trials where advocates were randomly assigned quadrants to locate themselves and perform from, observers [the mock jurors, the student advocates themselves, and the mock trial judges] were asked to rate the student lawyers.\u00a0 For example, the jurors were asked<\/p>\n<p>which lawyer seemed more in control, powerful, dominant, and theatrical. Jurors were also asked to choose based on their perceptions of appearances of comfort, rapport and better communication. When asked to rate individual lawyers, jurors were asked to rate performance in terms of persuasion, control and ability to relate to the witness.<\/p>\n<p>21 Pepp. L. Rev. 753.\u00a0 The results were stark and again are quoted from the article:<\/p>\n<p>Jurors rated individual lawyers in Quadrants I and II higher than those in Quadrants III and IV.&#8217; 3 Lawyers located in Quadrant I were given the highest overall scoring. When asked to choose between lawyers, jurors consistently selected lawyers in Quadrant I over lawyers located in either Quadrants II, III, or IV.&#8217; When opposing lawyers were located in quadrants other than Quadrant I, jurors selected lawyers in Quadrant II over those located in Quadrant III,&#8217; jurors selected lawyers located in Quadrant III over those in Quadrant IV, and lawyers in Quadrant IV were chosen over those located in Quadrant II.<\/p>\n<p><em>Id.<\/em>, at 754.\u00a0 Even more significant were the ratings of individual \u201clawyers\u201d across the trials.\u00a0 Location [here, \u201cquadrants\u201d] counted when jurors scored individuals on various skills.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-3933\" src=\"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2025\/06\/PROXEMICS-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"624\" height=\"250\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>Id, <\/em>at 755.\u00a0 One other finding \u2013 a boomerang effect \u2013 also warrants mention.\u00a0 When asked to rank \u201clawyers\u201d on theatrics, the highest rating went to those in Quadrant IV, the greatest distance from jurors.\u00a0 <em>Id.<\/em>, at 757-758.<\/p>\n<p>Back to Attorney Coffey and her analysis and motion.\u00a0 Coffey writes of studies on eye contact, audibility and body [non-verbal] language and how access to each increases communication and a sense of affiliation.\u00a0 For Coffey, the distance from the jury also impacts juror perception of the defendant\/accused because \u201c[s]pace proximity is necessary for the decoding of emotional messages sent by body language.\u201d\u00a0 THE BIAS BOOK, 113.\u00a0 So distance goes well beyond the simple and pernicious belief that \u2018they put the defendant away from us [the jurors] for our own safety.\u2019\u00a0 The flip side is the inability to get to know\/feel the accused as a person.<\/p>\n<p>Coffey\u2019s pleading \u2013 a MOTION TO SEAT DEFENDANT AT COUNSEL TABLE NEAREST TO THE JURY &#8211;\u00a0 focuses primarily if not exclusively on the issue of juror perception [actually, non- or mis-perception] of the accused.\u00a0 Remedying that impact is certainly within the power of a trial judge, either as a matter of Due Process or pursuant to Rule 611, Fed.R.Evid.<\/p>\n<p>But this BRAIN LESSON article is not to voice an opinion on courtroom seating.\u00a0 What are the lessons we as advocacy teachers need to take from this?\u00a0 I suggest there are several:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Courtroom location is generally not static and \u201cquadrant\u201d restricted. So the natural advantage of prosecutor\/plaintiff table location can be offset, at least somewhat, by deliberate movement by defense counsel.<\/li>\n<li>If distance generates a perception of \u201ctheatrics,\u201d then we must train our students and ourselves to understand how they are perceived when they try and make up for their location.<\/li>\n<li>Conversely, when you have the advantage of better seating [location, location, location], be aware of its power and make the most of it.<\/li>\n<li>Finally, as we prepare students for real-world lawyering, teaching the impact distance has on a jury\u2019s perception of one\u2019s client is essential.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u201cProxemics\u201d \u2013 perhaps a new\/needed phrase for our advocacy training.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A new publication from the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, NACDL \u2013 THE BIAS BOOK \u2013 UNPACKING BIAS IN THE CRIMINAL LEGAL SYSTEM \u2013 had a curious segment on \u201cproxemics.\u201d\u00a0 Written by Texas practitioner Mimi Coffey, it had a provocative title \u2013 \u201cUnjust Courtroom Practices: Always Seating The Prosecution Closest To The Jury.\u201d\u00a0 Coffey<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"generate_page_header":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"coauthors":[330],"class_list":["post-3931","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-brain-lessons"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>PROXEMICS - CLOSENESS MAKES THE JURY GROW FONDER - Advocacy and Evidence Resources<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/2025\/06\/01\/proxemics-closeness-makes-the-jury-grow-fonder\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"PROXEMICS - CLOSENESS MAKES THE JURY GROW FONDER - Advocacy and Evidence Resources\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A new publication from the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, NACDL \u2013 THE BIAS BOOK \u2013 UNPACKING BIAS IN THE CRIMINAL LEGAL SYSTEM \u2013 had a curious segment on \u201cproxemics.\u201d\u00a0 Written by Texas practitioner Mimi Coffey, it had a provocative title \u2013 \u201cUnjust Courtroom Practices: Always Seating The Prosecution Closest To The Jury.\u201d\u00a0 Coffey\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/2025\/06\/01\/proxemics-closeness-makes-the-jury-grow-fonder\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Advocacy and Evidence Resources\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-06-01T12:19:44+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2025\/06\/PROXEMICS-1.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"702\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"249\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Jules M Epstein (hehimhis)\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Jules M Epstein (hehimhis)\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/2025\/06\/01\/proxemics-closeness-makes-the-jury-grow-fonder\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/2025\/06\/01\/proxemics-closeness-makes-the-jury-grow-fonder\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Jules M Epstein (hehimhis)\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/#\/schema\/person\/ebe47f403ad14e2c5faec834f2d8472e\"},\"headline\":\"PROXEMICS &#8211; 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