{"id":3861,"date":"2025-01-23T17:32:19","date_gmt":"2025-01-23T17:32:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/?p=3861"},"modified":"2025-01-23T17:39:25","modified_gmt":"2025-01-23T17:39:25","slug":"yes-oklahoma-and-the-rest-of-us-there-is-a-due-process-evidence-rule","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/2025\/01\/23\/yes-oklahoma-and-the-rest-of-us-there-is-a-due-process-evidence-rule\/","title":{"rendered":"Yes, Oklahoma (and the rest of us), There Is A Due Process Evidence Rule"},"content":{"rendered":"

 <\/p>\n

In the late 1800s, when a child wrote to a newspaper editor asking whether there is a Santa Claus, the editor replied in what became one of the most quoted and reprinted editorials ever:<\/p>\n

Yes, VIRGINIA, there is a Santa Claus. He exists as certainly as love and generosity and devotion exist, and you know that they abound and give to your life its highest beauty and joy. Alas! how dreary would be the world if there were no Santa Claus.<\/p>\n

https:\/\/publicdomainreview.org\/collection\/yes-virginia-there-is-a-santa-claus-1897\/<\/a> (last visited January 25, 2025).\u00a0 Now the United States Supreme Court has sent a \u201cyes, Oklahoma\u201d message to that sate and to all state and federal courts \u2013 there is a Due Process protection against \u201cevidence\u2026so unduly prejudicial as to render a criminal trial fundamentally unfair\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

A little context is needed.\u00a0 In a capital [death penalty] case in Oklahoma, a wife was accused of conspiring to have her husband killed to then collect insurance proceeds.\u00a0 [Yes, this brings to mind the wonderful but dark movie DOUBLE INDEMNITY with Fred MacMurray, Barbara Stanwyck, and Edward G. Robinson – https:\/\/www.imdb.com\/title\/tt0036775\/<\/a> .]<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Here, the prosecutor made sure to pillory the wife, highlighting her \u201csex life and about her failings as a mother and wife[.]\u201d\u00a0 Andrew v. White, 2025 U.S. LEXIS 406, *1\u00a0 The salacious details included<\/p>\n

the prosecution elicit[ing] testimony about Andrew\u2019s sexual partners reaching back two decades; about the outfits she wore to dinner or during grocery runs; about the underwear she packed for vacation; and about how often she had sex in her car. At least two of the prosecution\u2019s guilt-phase witnesses took the stand exclusively to testify about Andrew\u2019s provocative clothing, and others were asked to comment on whether a good mother would dress or behave the\u00a0 way Andrew had. In its closing statement, the prosecution again invoked these themes, including by displaying Andrew\u2019s \u201cthong underwear\u201d to the jury, by reminding the jury of Andrew\u2019s alleged affairs during college, and by emphasizing that Andrew \u201chad sex on [her husband] over and over and over\u201d while \u201ckeeping a boyfriend on the side.\u201d<\/p>\n

Id.<\/em>, 2025 U.S. LEXIS 406, *2-3.<\/p>\n

Because the case reached federal court as a habeas action, no relief could be granted unless the state courts unreasonably applied clearly established federal law, a requisite that has been interpreted to mean that the United States Supreme Court has expressly affirmed that principle.\u00a0 The lower federal courts found that no such U.S. Supreme Court precedent existed.<\/p>\n

On January 21, 2025, the United States Supreme Court said that indeed it had established this principle, in particular that \u201cthe Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment provides a mechanism for relief \u00a0against the introduction of evidence that is so unduly prejudicial that it renders the trial fundamentally unfair.\u201d\u00a0\u00a0 Id.<\/em>, 2025 U.S. LEXIS 406, *6-7\u00a0 It then remanded the case for a determination of whether the flagrant shaming of Ms. Andrews met that standard, either when the jury decided to impose the death sentence or earlier when it found Ms. Andrew guilty.<\/p>\n

Why write about this?\u00a0 Because the Constitution matters as a check on errors in the admission or exclusion of evidence.\u00a0 The Court said so nearly twenty years ago when it held in South Carolina v. Holmes<\/em> that the Due Process right to present a defense could overcome state rules of evidence excluding certain forms of proof that would support a claim that another person committed the crime; and it did so even earlier, in 1979 in Green v. Georgia<\/em>, when it held that Due Process required admission of reliable hearsay that would offer mitigation proof at a capital sentencing even if inadmissible under state hearsay rules.<\/p>\n

The Due Process guarantee in those cases and in Andrew<\/em> are core to ensuring a fair trial.\u00a0 Not every case (and perhaps not even most) will involve an exclusion of exculpatory proof or admission of unfairly prejudicial information sufficient to violate the Constitution.\u00a0 But the inquiry is never over when it appears that state or federal evidence rules were complied with \u2013 that fundamental fairness principle that assesses whether, when evidence is admitted, it \u201cso infected the trial with unfairness\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

I will not debate the existence of Santa Claus; but I will paraphrase the editor who answered the 8 year old\u2019s question:<\/p>\n

there is a Due Process Claus.\u00a0 It exists as certainly as love and generosity and devotion exist, and you know that they abound and give to your life its highest beauty and joy. Alas! how dreary and unfair and dangerous <\/em>would be the world if there were no Due Process Clause.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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