{"id":3771,"date":"2024-03-04T16:08:14","date_gmt":"2024-03-04T16:08:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/?p=3771"},"modified":"2024-04-12T19:08:39","modified_gmt":"2024-04-12T19:08:39","slug":"vision-science-101-for-trial-advocacy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/2024\/03\/04\/vision-science-101-for-trial-advocacy\/","title":{"rendered":"VISION SCIENCE “101” FOR TRIAL ADVOCACY"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u201cVision science\u201d is an amalgam of information from multiple disciplines with multiple points of focus.\u00a0 From the world of eyewitness identification we know two fundamental principles.\u00a0 The first is that the mind is not a video camera: it captures only portions of the incoming data and what it does capture does not remain intact as there are no \u201cflashbulb memories\u201d that remain permanently and unaltered.\u00a0\u00a0 The second is that memory can easily be altered, simply by asking a question of the perceiver.\u00a0 If you ask a robbery victim \u201cdid the perp have a mustache\u201d instead of \u201ctell me, as best you can, what you remember about the face of the robber\u201d the memory might \u2018grow\u2019 a hairy upper lip.\u00a0 [For more on this see https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/2021\/09\/02\/brain-lessons-do-you-see-the-duck\/<\/a> ]<\/p>\n

But those two lessons \u2013 the incompleteness and impermanence of a memory \u2013 are lessons for questioning witnesses or understanding the limits of an\u00a0 eyewitness account of any event.\u00a0 What about juror perception and memory and vision or \u2018visual\u2019 science in the courtroom?<\/p>\n

There are some scientific principles with a sound foundation, principles we may need as we teach more effective use of visual presentation.\u00a0 Here are several.<\/p>\n

The first is simple.\u00a0 Humans process visuals quicker than they process words.\u00a0 A visual image can be processed [recognized for what it is] in 13 milliseconds.\u00a0 https:\/\/www.livescience.com\/42666-human-brain-sees-images-record-speed.html<\/a> (last visited December 13, 2023).\u00a0 The foundational research is in Potter, M.C., Wyble, B., Hagmann, C.E., & McCourt, E.S. (2014). Detecting meaning in RSVP at 13 ms per picture. Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics.<\/p>\n

But how fast do humans process words?\u00a0 Before you shout out \u201c60,000- times slower than pictures,\u201d a claim often found online (see, e.g.<\/em>, https:\/\/www.learnevents.com\/learning-insights\/imagery-vs-text-which-does-the-brain-prefer\/<\/a> , claiming that \u201c90% of information transmitted to the brain is visual, and visuals are processed in the brain at 60,000 times the speed of text<\/strong>.\u201d<\/strong>), be aware that here there is a dearth of science and in fact some contrary research.\u00a0 More conservative (and research based) estimates suggest that images are processed 6 to 600 times faster than text.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tuscher, Processing Speed and Comprehensibility of Visualizations and Texts.\u00a0 Tuscher created the following graphic:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The reference to \u201csplit attention\u201d is the next visual proof data point.\u00a0 This has been conceptualized as the \u201cdual channel\u201d mode of information processing \u2013 one part of the brain processes visual\/spatial material and the other processes auditory\/verbal material. \u00a0See<\/em> Mayer, MULTIMEDIA LEARNING, THIRD EDITION.\u00a0 Thus, be careful when using a visual with pictures and words; and if there is a visual with words [e.g. a jury instruction excerpt] let the jurors read them without<\/em> you reciting them aloud.\u00a0 The result can be processing overload which hinders comprehension and retention.<\/p>\n

And retention is maybe most important.\u00a0 The following was reported in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences:<\/p>\n

[V]isual memory for scenes is very robust. In the most dramatic demonstration, Standing showed observers up to 10,000 images for a few seconds each and reported that they could subsequently identify which images they had seen before with 83% accuracy. This memory is far superior to verbal memory and can persist for a week.<\/p>\n

Cohen et al.<\/em>, Auditory recognition memory is inferior to visual recognition memory (April, 2009), https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.0811884106<\/a> (last visited December 14, 2023).<\/p>\n

One study captured these results by testing for fact recall after receiving information in auditory, tactile or visual form:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Bigelow and Poremba: Achilles\u2019 Ear? Inferior Human Short-Term and Recognition Memory in the Auditory Modality, PLOS One (February 26, 2014) https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0089914<\/a> (last visited December 15, 2023).<\/p>\n

There is more known about retention.\u00a0 There is research showing that retention will be greater when images are narrated [explained] by spoken word than by having an accompanying written explanation on screen.\u00a0\u00a0 This is called the \u201cmodality effect.\u201d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Richard E. Mayer & Roxana Moreno, Nine Ways to Reduce Cognitive Load in Multimedia Learning<\/em>, 38(1) Educational Psychologist 43 (2003).<\/p>\n

What does all of this tell us?\u00a0\u00a0 Visuals are important, visuals are quickly identified by the brain, visuals with text<\/em> may be a problem especially if counsel reads aloud while jurors are trying to do the same, and properly used visuals are important for fact retention.\u00a0 The remaining concern is visual overload \u2013 when is the point where retention drops because too many pictures were shown?<\/p>\n

The answer here comes from cognitive load \u2013 the amount of information the brain can hold.\u00a0 The maximum number of visual inputs the mind can hold at one time in working memory is four, so adding more causes loss of the fact(s) in one of the first four images.\u00a0 Burgess, Deepening the Discourse Using The Legal Mind\u2019s Eye: Lessons From Neuroscience And Psychology That Optimize Law School Learning, 28 QLR 1, 27 (2011). See also<\/em>, G.A. Alvarez & P. Cavanagh, The Capacity of Visual Short-Term Memory Is Set Both by Visual Information Load and by Number of Objects, 15(2) Psycho. Sci. 106 (2004)\u00a0\u00a0 The Alvarez article makes two compelling points \u2013 there is an overall limit on the number of images that can be stored in memory; and the more complex [detailed] the image, the less capacity to store multiple ones.<\/p>\n

So \u2013 what are some science takeaways?\u00a0 Unlike Othello, use visuals not too well but wisely.\u00a0 Few, narrated without writing, and simple.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u201cVision science\u201d is an amalgam of information from multiple disciplines with multiple points of focus.\u00a0 From the world of eyewitness identification we know two fundamental principles.\u00a0 The first is that the mind is not a video camera: it captures only portions of the incoming data and what it does capture does not remain intact as<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"generate_page_header":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"coauthors":[330],"class_list":["post-3771","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-brain-lessons"],"yoast_head":"\nVISION SCIENCE "101" FOR TRIAL ADVOCACY - Advocacy and Evidence Resources<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/2024\/03\/04\/vision-science-101-for-trial-advocacy\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"VISION SCIENCE "101" FOR TRIAL ADVOCACY - 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