{"id":3749,"date":"2024-01-06T14:01:57","date_gmt":"2024-01-06T14:01:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/?p=3749"},"modified":"2024-01-06T14:01:57","modified_gmt":"2024-01-06T14:01:57","slug":"are-we-no-better-than-goldfish","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/2024\/01\/06\/are-we-no-better-than-goldfish\/","title":{"rendered":"ARE WE NO BETTER THAN GOLDFISH?"},"content":{"rendered":"

We\u2019ve heard it at lectures, and perhaps echoed the claim ourselves \u2013 the attention span of a goldfish is 9 seconds, and that of humans is less.\u00a0 As detailed in TIME Magazine,<\/p>\n

[r]esearchers in Canada surveyed 2,000 participants and studied the brain activity of 112 others using electroencephalograms (EEGs). Microsoft found that since the year 2000 (or about when the mobile revolution began) the average attention span dropped from 12 seconds to eight seconds.<\/p>\n

\u201cYou Now Have A Shorter Attention Span Than A Goldfish,\u201d TIME Magazine (May 14, 2015) https:\/\/time.com\/3858309\/attention-spans-goldfish\/<\/a> (last visited December 5, 2023).<\/p>\n

The Microsoft Report didn\u2019t just say this \u2013 it showed it<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

And this is a claim that has made its way into legal scholarship. A LEXIS search found more than a dozen law review or similar articles accepting this as a valid proposition.<\/p>\n

If that 8 second span is the case, the dynamics of persuasion \u2013 trial, appellate or otherwise \u2013 need radical adjusting.<\/p>\n

But is it accurate?\u00a0 I became interested in this when drafting an overview of opening statements for a Collective Wisdom piece to be published by NITA and decided I needed to learn about attention span.\u00a0 After all, in the advocacy arena we also have seen people embrace the \u201c30 second\u201d rule of commercial advertising \u2013 you have 30 seconds to get the message out, so the first 30 seconds of an opening statement had better be captivating.\u00a0 Milo Frank, HOW TO GET YOUR POINT ACROSS IN 30 SECONDS OR LESS (1987)(claimIng that attention span extends only to the half-minute mark); \u201cThe 30 Second Rule: Why Grabbing Their Attention In The First 30 Seconds Is Crucial\u201d (2017), https:\/\/www.presentationtraininginstitute.com\/30-second-rule-grabbing-attention-first-30-seconds-crucial\/<\/a> (last visited December 6, 2023).\u00a0 That brought me back to the world of fish and memory.<\/p>\n

The first problem is the goldfish claim.\u00a0 The \u201c8 second\u201d reference is found only in the visual shown above and sourced to STATISTICS BRAIN.\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0If one tracks the \u2018research\u2019 back to its source, there is arguably no \u2018there there.\u2019<\/p>\n

This was detailed in a 2017 Wall Street Journal article:<\/p>\n

The features of human attention are too complex to reduce to a span of time, and the metrics scientists do track haven\u2019t changed in generations.<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019ve been measuring college students for the past 20 years,\u201d said Edward Vogel, a professor of psychology and neuroscience at the University of Chicago. \u201cIt\u2019s been remarkably stable across decades.\u201d<\/p>\n

His findings echo those of other experts, including Michael Posner, a psychologist known for identifying the brain networks underlying attention, and Marcus Raichle, a neurologist and authority on brain metabolism. They say the ability of healthy adults to pay attention hasn\u2019t diminished.<\/p>\n

\u201cThere is no real evidence that it\u2019s changed since it was first reported in the late 1800s,\u201d Dr. Posner said. Yet it has been widely reported that our focus has slipped.<\/p>\n

McGinty, \u201cIs Your Attention Span Shorter Than A Goldfish\u2019s?\u201d, Wall Street Journal February 17, 2017.<\/p>\n

Further reporting continues to debunk the 8-9 second claims.\u00a0 As explained in a Forbes article, the STATISTICS BRAIN claim was based on only two sources, one of which was \u201can analytics report about 25 people who quickly left websites they didn’t like… in 2008.\u201d\u00a0 Science Shows: Humans Have Massive Capacity For Sustained Attention, And Storytelling Unlocks It,\u201d Forbes, January 16, 2023.\u00a0 That same article claims that NETFLIX data show a great attention span \u2013 binge watching.<\/p>\n

The next problem with the goldfish claim is that is begs the question of what \u201cattention\u201d means.\u00a0 In the Microsoft research, that word is defined as \u201cThe allocation of mental resources to visual or conceptual objects.\u201d\u00a0 It is not clear to me whether or how this applies to the task of being a juror, as at least part of the Microsoft study focuses on attention in an arena with \u201cdistracting or competing stimuli.\u201d REPORT, 26.\u00a0 Indeed, there are multiple forms of attention \u2013 there can be selective attention, alternating attention, and sustained attention.<\/p>\n

Additionally, other researchers with data have different results.\u00a0 Consider the work of Gloria Mark, Chancellor\u2019s Professor of Informatics at the University of California, Irvine and the author of ATTENTION SPAN: A GROUNDBREAKING WAY TO RESTORE BALANCE, HAPPINESS AND PRODUCTIVITY (2023).\u00a0 In an essay adapted from that book she wrote<\/p>\n

To study people’s attention on their devices, with my research team at the University of California, Irvine, and with colleagues at Microsoft Research, I observed people in their natural environments and created living laboratories. We used sophisticated computer logging techniques to measure attention spans and heart rate monitors and wearable devices to measure stress. Back in 2004, we found that people averaged 150 seconds on any screen before switching to another screen. By 2012, it had declined to 75 seconds, and between 2016 and 2021, it diminished to 47 seconds. Studies by others have replicated these results within three seconds.<\/p>\n

Gloria Mark, How to Restore Our Attention Spans — Digital distractions are ramping up our natural tendency to shift focus, raising stress levels and hurting productivity. But we can still take control.\u00a0 Wall Street Journal, January 7, 2023 (https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/docview\/2761477287?accountid=14270&pq-origsite=primo&parentSessionId=IA8iLQve2NnMCbRlSZGFuMOT%2B8DF5i%2F4p3nV4Zr9Ji4%3D<\/a>, last visited December 5, 2023).<\/p>\n

Clearly, in a courtroom one can\u2019t \u201cswitch screens.\u201d\u00a0 And attention spans in the courtroom?\u00a0 Perhaps there is no precise study, but consider this validation of what we all\u00a0 teach \u2013 story-telling \u2013 from the same Forbes article cited above:<\/p>\n

For the last 20 years, scientists like Dr. Paul Zak<\/a> have been studying<\/a> the experiences that induce this immersive state. In general scientists have observed that when more of our brains are active in particular ways, we pay attention and encode more into memory<\/a>. And good stories tend to check all the boxes.<\/p>\n

I will have more to say about Zak\u2019s research, described in the book IMMERSION, in another BRAIN LESSONS column.\u00a0 For now, don\u2019t succumb to the 8-second, we-are-lesser-beings-than-goldfish myth.\u00a0 And by the way \u2013 there is no science for the goldfish-at-9-seconds claim either.\u00a0 Apparently fish can pay attention much longer than 8 or 9 seconds too.\u00a0 Even without a compelling story.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

We\u2019ve heard it at lectures, and perhaps echoed the claim ourselves \u2013 the attention span of a goldfish is 9 seconds, and that of humans is less.\u00a0 As detailed in TIME Magazine, [r]esearchers in Canada surveyed 2,000 participants and studied the brain activity of 112 others using electroencephalograms (EEGs). Microsoft found that since the year<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"generate_page_header":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"coauthors":[330],"class_list":["post-3749","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-brain-lessons"],"yoast_head":"\nARE WE NO BETTER THAN GOLDFISH? - Advocacy and Evidence Resources<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/2024\/01\/06\/are-we-no-better-than-goldfish\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"ARE WE NO BETTER THAN GOLDFISH? - Advocacy and Evidence Resources\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"We\u2019ve heard it at lectures, and perhaps echoed the claim ourselves \u2013 the attention span of a goldfish is 9 seconds, and that of humans is less.\u00a0 As detailed in TIME Magazine, [r]esearchers in Canada surveyed 2,000 participants and studied the brain activity of 112 others using electroencephalograms (EEGs). 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