{"id":3729,"date":"2023-11-09T14:16:12","date_gmt":"2023-11-09T14:16:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/?p=3729"},"modified":"2023-11-09T14:16:12","modified_gmt":"2023-11-09T14:16:12","slug":"toolmark-evidence-cant-live-with-it-cant","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/2023\/11\/09\/toolmark-evidence-cant-live-with-it-cant\/","title":{"rendered":"TOOLMARK EVIDENCE: CAN\u2019T LIVE WITH IT, CAN\u2019T\u2026"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3>Criminal case investigations often start with Locard\u2019s \u201cexchange principle\u201d &#8211; &#8220;It is impossible for a criminal to act, especially considering the intensity of a crime, without leaving traces of this presence.&#8221;\u00a0 As otherwise described, \u201c[t]his theory states that, whenever two objects come into contact, an exchange of materials occurs between them.\u201d Mistek et al,\u00a0 , Toward Locard\u2019s Exchange Principle: Recent Developments in Forensic Trace Evidence Analysis, \u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b04704\">https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b04704<\/a> (last visited July 17, 2023).<\/h3>\n<h3>That principle, or a variant thereof, is at the heart of toolmark comparison testimony \u2013 the tool \u201cleaves traces of its presence\u201d on an item at the crime scene:\u00a0 the pliers or screwdriver mark the lock or window frame; the firearm marks the bullet and cartridge case.\u00a0 But what has plagued trials is the claim that <em>this<\/em> tool \u2013 the one recovered from or linked to the accused \u2013 is the source of that impression.\u00a0 Two recent decisions and one study bear on this issue.<\/h3>\n<h3>The first comes from a news report on tool mark \u2018analysis.\u2019\u00a0 In a 1991 prosecution in Colorado, where the charge involved the creating and detonating pip bombs, a tool mark analyst made a number of bold claims, all pertaining to needle nose pliers found in the suspect\u2019s home:<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"padding-left: 80px\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 all tools possess unique identifiers at a microscopic level, and these unique characteristics imprint a signature mark on other substances, such as wire, that come into contact with the tool.<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"padding-left: 80px\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 an examiner can microscopically determine whether a &#8220;suspect tool&#8221; was responsible for the striations made on a wire that are caused by the unique manufacturing marks left on the tool.<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"padding-left: 80px\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 he had never encountered a situation in which the mark left by a tool was not unique.<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"padding-left: 80px\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 he had identified three tools seized from Genrich&#8217;s room \u2014 to the exclusion of <em>any other tool<\/em> \u2014 as the tools used in the creation of one or more of the bombs.<\/h3>\n<h3>\nPeople v. Genrich, 2019 COA 132M, P20-P23.\u00a0 One might pause and ask<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h3>how is that knowable, that no two pliers in the entire world leave the same marks?<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h3>even if that is knowable, what degree of magnification is required to get to the level of detail where it can be certain that there are no other pliers with the same markings?<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h3>Finally, how proficient is <em>this<\/em> expert at making such visual comparisons and not missing or misinterpreting markings or their absence?<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3>Through litigation spearheaded by the Innocence Project, a new trial was recently ordered.\u00a0 As reported, the Judge\u2019s OPINION concluded that \u201cthe testimony of the expert was unreliable because there are no scientific principles underlying or supporting Agent (John) O\u2019Neil\u2019s opinions that would render such testimony reliable and thus admissible.\u201d\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cpr.org\/2023\/07\/10\/judge-orders-new-trial-for-grand-junction-man-convicted-in-90s-pipe-bombings\/\">https:\/\/www.cpr.org\/2023\/07\/10\/judge-orders-new-trial-for-grand-junction-man-convicted-in-90s-pipe-bombings\/<\/a> (last visited July 18, 2023).\u00a0 The OPINION of the post-conviction court was unequivocal \u2013 \u201cthe individualization testimony of the people\u2019s expert was inappropriate and would be inadmissible at a new trial. ..[T]here are no scientific principles underlying or supporting \u00a0Agent O\u2019Neill\u2019s opinions that would render such testimony reliable and admissible\u2026\u201d\u00a0 People v. Genrich, ORDER, July 7, 2023.<\/h3>\n<h3>The same concern with the limits of scientific foundation let to the Maryland Supreme Court ordering a new trial after similar \u201cindividualization\u201d testimony, this time involving firearms.\u00a0 Here is what the Court analyzed and concluded:<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"padding-left: 40px\">At the trial of the petitioner, Kobina Ebo Abruquah, the Circuit Court for Prince George&#8217;s County permitted a firearms examiner to testify, without qualification, that bullets left at a murder scene were fired from a gun that Mr. Abruquah had acknowledged was his. Based on reports, studies, and testimony calling into question the reliability of firearms identification analysis, Mr. Abruquah contends that the circuit court abused its discretion in permitting the firearms examiner&#8217;s testimony.\u00a0 The State, relying on different studies and testimony, contends that the examiner&#8217;s opinion was properly admitted.<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"padding-left: 40px\">\u2026[T]he examiner should not have been permitted to offer an unqualified opinion that the crime scene bullets were fired from Mr. Abruquah&#8217;s gun. The reports, studies, and testimony presented to the circuit court demonstrate that the firearms identification methodology employed in this case can support reliable conclusions that patterns and markings on bullets are consistent or inconsistent with those on bullets fired from a particular firearm. Those reports, studies, and testimony do not, however, demonstrate that that methodology can reliably support an unqualified conclusion that such bullets were fired from a particular firearm.<\/h3>\n<h3>Abruquah v. State, 2023 Md. LEXIS 297, *2-3.<\/h3>\n<h3>There are studies showing proficiency for trained examiners in matching fired cartridge cases to the weapons that fired the projectiles.\u00a0 Guyll <em>et al<\/em>, VALIDITY OF FORENSIC CARTRIDGE-CASE COMPARISONS, PNAS, Vol. 120, No. 20 (May 8, 2023).\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2210428120\">https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2210428120<\/a> (last visited July 18, 2023).\u00a0 Yet even there one can find limitations \u2013 \u201crestricting evaluation to only the conclusive decisions of identification and elimination yielded true-positive and true-negative rates exceeding 99%, but incorporating inconclusives caused these values to drop to 93.4% and 63.5%, respectively.\u201d <em>Id.<\/em><\/h3>\n<h3>The study has other limitations \u2013 there is no showing that the condition of the examined cartridge cases was similar to that of cases recovered from crime scenes where environmental conditions may affect the clarity of the impressions; and of course the ability to match cases to a limited universe of source firearms is different from the issue of whether any other firearm in the world could have left similar [identical] markings.<\/h3>\n<h3>Read together, what are the lessons?\u00a0 Toolmark examiners may have much to offer in a particular case, but the data and research are not supportive of source attribution.\u00a0 More research is needed; and it is targeted, well-financed, and well-resourced litigation that is required to expose forensic examiner overstatements\u00a0 for what they are \u2013 not science but beliefs.\u00a0 And beliefs should not be the basis for a criminal prosecution.<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1><\/h1>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Criminal case investigations often start with Locard\u2019s \u201cexchange principle\u201d &#8211; &#8220;It is impossible for a criminal to act, especially considering the intensity of a crime, without leaving traces of this presence.&#8221;\u00a0 As otherwise described, \u201c[t]his theory states that, whenever two objects come into contact, an exchange of materials occurs between them.\u201d Mistek et al,\u00a0 ,<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"generate_page_header":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,6],"tags":[],"coauthors":[330],"class_list":["post-3729","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-advocacy-and-evidence-blog","category-criminal-law"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - 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