{"id":3675,"date":"2023-04-02T13:02:33","date_gmt":"2023-04-02T13:02:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/?p=3675"},"modified":"2023-03-28T13:16:11","modified_gmt":"2023-03-28T13:16:11","slug":"think-of-a-viking-at-your-risk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/2023\/04\/02\/think-of-a-viking-at-your-risk\/","title":{"rendered":"THINK OF A VIKING \u2013 AT YOUR RISK"},"content":{"rendered":"

Think of a Viking.\u00a0 A four word command, a simple task.\u00a0 And what pops into your mind?\u00a0 Is it something like this picture, like the fierce warrior Leif Erickson?<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

That\u2019s what transpired when the grave of a Viking was discovered in 1878.\u00a0 This is what was seen (an artist\u2019s rendering):<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

The assumption \u2013 a male skeleton.\u00a0 Now study basic physiology.<\/p>\n

\u00a0A skeleton’s overall size and sturdiness give some clues. Within the same population, males tend to have larger, more robust bones and joint surfaces, and more bone development at muscle attachment sites. However, the pelvis is the best sex-related skeletal indicator, because of distinct features adapted for childbearing. The skull also has features that can indicate sex, though slightly less reliably.<\/p>\n

https:\/\/naturalhistory.si.edu\/education\/teaching-resources\/written-bone\/skeleton-keys\/male-or-female<\/a> (last visited January 23, 2023).<\/p>\n

And why, in an article meant for advocacy teachers and coaches, are we writing about Vikings and skeletons?\u00a0 Because from the moment of its discovery until 2017, 141 years later, it was assumed\/believed that the skeleton was male, an assumption scientifically refuted with DNA testing that showed the presence of the XX chromosome.<\/p>\n

The lessons?\u00a0 In the world of experts (and indeed of all who think), context can shape expectations and thus affect judgment.\u00a0 The pelvic structure of the skeleton did not change \u2013 it was the presence of weapons associated with Viking men that led to it being ignored or missed.\u00a0 In the world of forensic experts, this is called \u201cdomain irrelevant information.\u201d\u00a0 The only relevant fact is the skeleton \u2013 but when the observer is impacted by extraneous facts (here, the weapons) the conclusion can go wrong.<\/p>\n

This proposition \u2013 that domain irrelevant information can change perception and analysis \u2013 has been proved again and again with experts as diverse as fingerprint examiners[1]<\/a>, forensic archaeologists [yes, another erroneous determination of sex][2]<\/a> and forensic pathologists.[3]<\/a>\u00a0 So the first takeaway is to learn what extraneous information the analysts had and then test whether that might have distorted the judgment and conclusion.<\/p>\n

But there is more \u2013 lawyers need to be on task in recognizing biases that may affect judgment.\u00a0 Consider the following testimony from a forensic pathologist in a homicide trial where the dispute was whether this was murder or suicide.<\/p>\n

And just as background knowledge, I view every case according to a scientific methodology that I follow.<\/p>\n

When you\u2019re reviewing these kind of cases, there’s classification schemes. That’s one classification scheme, potential for suicide.<\/p>\n

But you always pursue it, first of all, as a homicide.\u00a0\u00a0 You have to rule out — as a forensic pathologist, your goal always is to rule out homicide,<\/p>\n

I don’t care what kind of case it is. I don’t care how it comes in. I don’t care if it looks like a heart attack.<\/p>\n

No matter what the case is you have to force yourself to consider every potential scenario as a homicide. Why? You’ve got to rule that out.<\/p>\n

What are the problems here?\u00a0 First is the hollow claim that this is a \u201cscientific\u201d method that the examiner follows.\u00a0 Says who?\u00a0 Or put slightly more articulately, a scientific method is derived from testing and retesting and data analysis.\u00a0 This one? There is no source for such a claim \u2013 it is purely ipsi dixit<\/em>. But more egregious, and also left unchallenged, was the presumption of homicide, or the belief that \u2018this is homicide until proved otherwise.\u2019\u00a0 That is a cognitive bias, a foundational belief that shapes and possibly distorts all the inquiry that follows.<\/p>\n

Neither the lawyers nor the judge identified this as a concern.\u00a0 That is not surprising.\u00a0 And before we leave lawyers, let us recognize that biases afflict lawyers.\u00a0 What might be called the cousin of domain irrelevant information is the problem of tunnel vision, one that clearly impacts lawyers.[4]<\/a>\u00a0 Here, it is an early conclusion that shapes or mis-shapes all future decisions.<\/p>\n

Let me offer an example.\u00a0 When a woman was found murdered in her home, a prosecutor went to the scene and saw that she had been a compulsive shopper and hoarder, so much so that the house was filled to the brim with purchases making it almost impossible to walk in the door.\u00a0 The prosecutor\u2019s impression?\u00a0 That this drove the husband crazy, and warranted a charge of passion manslaughter.\u00a0 Where was the tunnel vision?\u00a0 Failing to note the full body haz-mat type suit in the husband\u2019s car trunk, an item that might have suggested planning and premeditation.<\/p>\n

The bottom line? Don\u2019t assume all Vikings were men \u2013 and look for whatever prejudgment supposition may have tainted an expert\u2019s thinking or your own.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/frontline\/article\/can-unconscious-bias-undermine-fingerprint-analysis\/<\/a>;\u00a0 https:\/\/www.ojp.gov\/ncjrs\/virtual-library\/abstracts\/why-experts-make-errors<\/a><\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Dror et al<\/em>, Cascading Bias of Initial Exposure to Information at the Crime Scene to the Subsequent Evaluation of Skeletal Remains, JForensicSci, March 2018, Vol. 63, No. 2doi: 10.1111\/1556-4029.13569<\/p>\n

[3]<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Cognitive bias in forensic pathology decisions, Itiel Dror PhD<\/a>,\u00a0Judy Melinek MD<\/a>,\u00a0Jonathan L. Arden MD<\/a>,\u00a0Jeff Kukucka PhD<\/a>,\u00a0Sarah Hawkins JD<\/a>,\u00a0Joye Carter MD, PhD<\/a>,\u00a0Daniel S. Atherton MD<\/a>, First published: 20 February 2021 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.14697<\/a><\/h1>\n

 <\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> See, e.g.<\/em>, Findley and Scott, The Multiple Dimensions of Tunnel Vision in Criminal Cases, Wisconsin Law Review 2006.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Think of a Viking.\u00a0 A four word command, a simple task.\u00a0 And what pops into your mind?\u00a0 Is it something like this picture, like the fierce warrior Leif Erickson? 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