{"id":3624,"date":"2022-12-03T17:20:00","date_gmt":"2022-12-03T17:20:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/?p=3624"},"modified":"2022-12-03T17:20:00","modified_gmt":"2022-12-03T17:20:00","slug":"repeat-after-me-but-please-stop-beating-the-proverbial-dead-horse","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/2022\/12\/03\/repeat-after-me-but-please-stop-beating-the-proverbial-dead-horse\/","title":{"rendered":"REPEAT AFTER ME, BUT PLEASE STOP BEATING THE PROVERBIAL DEAD HORSE"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Anecdotally, we know these truths to be self-evident \u2013 jurors find trials boring (at least many trials, after a while) and resent repetition.\u00a0 Some juror notes published by Judge Christina Habas reveal how the trial\u2019s captive audience may feel about repetition. One juror exhibited their frustration with repetition by drawing a doodle in their notes.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3625 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2022\/12\/repeat-after-me-dead-horse-300x202.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"202\" srcset=\"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2022\/12\/repeat-after-me-dead-horse-300x202.png 300w, https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2022\/12\/repeat-after-me-dead-horse.png 505w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Hon. Randy Wilson, \u201cFrom my side of the bench: Jury Notes\u201d The Advocate, Fall 2013, pg. 90.\u00a0 As Judge Wilson elaborated, \u201cJurors hate repetition. They feel it insults their intelligence and unnecessarily prolongs their jury service.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Perhaps less anecdotal but equally telling were the survey results gathered by Federal Judge Amy St. Eve and presented at a webinar hosted by Fordham Law School.\u00a0 Here is what jurors told the Judge:<\/p>\n<p>The most important theme that came through on evidence presentation: do not repeat what you\u2019re saying. The jurors really, really despise repetition, because they feel like you\u2019re talking down to them. They feel like you think they\u2019re stupid if you keep repeating matters over and over.<\/p>\n<p>Here are some examples of what they said:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cRepeating of the question 304 times\u201d<\/li>\n<li>\u201cRepeated the same thing over and over.\u201d<\/li>\n<li>\u201cStop asking the same questions over and over.\u201d<\/li>\n<li>\u201cLots of repeating, same thing\u2014okay, we get it.\u201d<\/li>\n<li>\u201cWould like to see attorneys question the witness without repeating the same question three different ways and then summarizing.\u201d<\/li>\n<li>\u201cThe lawyers constantly rephrasing sucks.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>So the jurors get it. You don\u2019t have to ask the same questions and you shouldn\u2019t ask the same things over and over.<\/p>\n<p><strong>DISTINGUISHED JURIST IN RESIDENCE LECTURE: WHAT JURIES REALLY THINK: PRACTICAL GUIDANCE FOR FUTURE TRIAL LAWYERS, October 20, 2020.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>But wait. In his famous (if not infamous) lectures on the 10 commandments of cross-examination, Irving Younger claimed that repetition prevails:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;padding-left: 40px\">As every trial lawyer knows, there\u2019s a kind of informal or unwritten hierarchy of probative value.\u00a0 If the jury hears it once, they might or might not believe it; if they hear it twice they probably believe it, if they hear it three times they will certainly believe it and if it is in writing nothing on this earth will persuade them that it\u2019s not true.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=dBP2if0l-a8\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=dBP2if0l-a8<\/a>, beginning at 27.44.<\/p>\n<p>So, who is correct?\u00a0 Or is there a repetition \u201csweet spot\u201d to strive for?<\/p>\n<p>Part of the answer comes from research on what is called the \u201cmere exposure effect.\u201d\u00a0 Studied for decades, this can be explained as a phenomenon where recognition <em>and liking<\/em> come from repeated exposures.\u00a0 As to why, theories abound.\u00a0 They include (1) familiarity reducing fear\/discomfort; (2) habituation and satiation, the latter being a drop-off in liking after \u2018overdosing\u2019 on exposure; and (3) \u201cprocessing fluency,\u201d where a familiar stimulus is more easily encoded.<\/p>\n<p>A 2017 review of nearly fifty years of research drew the following conclusion:\u00a0 \u201cRepeated exposure was associated with a more positive evaluation of the stimulus, although the magnitude of the slope was small.\u201d\u00a0 Montoya et al, A Re-Examination of the Mere Exposure Effect: The Influence of Repeated Exposure on Recognition, Familiarity, and Liking, Psychological Bulletin 2017, Vol. 143, No. 5, 459\u2013498<strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>So far, confirmation for Younger.\u00a0 And if more is needed, turn to research on what is labeled the \u201cillusion of truth,\u201d the process where people develop beliefs in assertions that are false.\u00a0 It comes down to \u201cprocessing fluency\u2026[W]hen information is repeated, it is processed more fluently and is consequently perceived to be more truthful. This judgment occurs because we have learned over time that fluency (i.e., a proximal cue) is predictive of truthfulness.\u201d\u00a0 Hassan and Barber, The Effects of Repetition Frequency On The Illusory Truth Effect, \u00a0<em>Cogn. Research (2021) 6:38,\u00a0 <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41235-021-00301-5\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41235-021-00301-5<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>But when does satiation creep in and turn into annoyance or rejection?\u00a0 There is no precise number, but \u201c[s]ome studies&#8230;suggest that people have the maximum confidence in an idea after it has been repeated between 3 and 5 times (<a href=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/record\/2008-09975-010\">Brinol et al., 2008<\/a>).\u00a0 After that, repetition ceases to have the same effect and may even reverse.\u201d\u00a0 Psyblog, Illusion of Truth Effect: Repetition Makes Lies Sound True, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.spring.org.uk\/2021\/07\/illusion-of-truth.php\">https:\/\/www.spring.org.uk\/2021\/07\/illusion-of-truth.php<\/a> (last visited October 5, 2022).<\/p>\n<p>In a trial setting there may really be three issues with repetition:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>When does it maximize belief?<\/li>\n<li>When does excess lead to annoyance with the proponent?<\/li>\n<li>And when does annoyance over repetition transform into rejection of a party\u2019s overall case?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The \u201cmere exposure effect\u201d research doesn\u2019t purport to answer the latter two questions, and the last of the three may involve too many factors to be testable.\u00a0 So perhaps the only advice can be the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Unlike Othello, use repetition wisely rather than too well;<\/li>\n<li>Use it strategically, a la Younger, looking for the reliable repetition source;<\/li>\n<li>Stay attuned to the risk of satiation; and<\/li>\n<li>If you have to make the same point with multiple witness and\/or sources, let the jury know in advance and why, so they welcome the process or can at least tolerate it.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Otherwise, leave the dead horse out of the trial.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Anecdotally, we know these truths to be self-evident \u2013 jurors find trials boring (at least many trials, after a while) and resent repetition.\u00a0 Some juror notes published by Judge Christina Habas reveal how the trial\u2019s captive audience may feel about repetition. One juror exhibited their frustration with repetition by drawing a doodle in their notes.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"generate_page_header":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"coauthors":[330],"class_list":["post-3624","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-brain-lessons"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>REPEAT AFTER ME, BUT PLEASE STOP BEATING THE PROVERBIAL DEAD HORSE - Advocacy and Evidence Resources<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/2022\/12\/03\/repeat-after-me-but-please-stop-beating-the-proverbial-dead-horse\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"REPEAT AFTER ME, BUT PLEASE STOP BEATING THE PROVERBIAL DEAD HORSE - Advocacy and Evidence Resources\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Anecdotally, we know these truths to be self-evident \u2013 jurors find trials boring (at least many trials, after a while) and resent repetition.\u00a0 Some juror notes published by Judge Christina Habas reveal how the trial\u2019s captive audience may feel about repetition. 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