{"id":3564,"date":"2022-06-25T12:14:37","date_gmt":"2022-06-25T12:14:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/?p=3564"},"modified":"2022-06-17T12:24:48","modified_gmt":"2022-06-17T12:24:48","slug":"states-rights-over-innocence-and-capable-lawyering-scotus-eviscerates-habeas-review","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/2022\/06\/25\/states-rights-over-innocence-and-capable-lawyering-scotus-eviscerates-habeas-review\/","title":{"rendered":"STATES&#8217; RIGHTS OVER INNOCENCE AND CAPABLE LAWYERING &#8211; SCOTUS EVISCERATES HABEAS REVIEW"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Did you know about the lawyer who:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Told their client they could not testify because their criminal record <em>and its details<\/em> would be admissible where the law was directly to the contrary.<\/li>\n<li>Let the jury know their client \u201clawyered up\u201d and sat idly by while the prosecutor argued that as proof of guilt.<\/li>\n<li>Filed a pleading averring that after thorough review there were no valid issues for post-conviction relief when in fact the defendant had pled guilty to and been sentenced for a crime that did not exist.<\/li>\n<li>Failed to consult with medical experts who could have shown that death did not occur as the prosecution alleged<\/li>\n<li>Mis-read a DNA report and failed to recognize that it applied to a different item of clothing than that testified to at trial<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The law creates a presumption that attorneys are <em>effective<\/em>, but whether due to sloth, case overloads, ignorance or over-confidence,\u00a0 lawyers make mistakes \u2013 indeed serious mistakes \u2013 on a daily basis in criminal cases.\u00a0 Unlike surgeons and airline pilots, they lack checklists for quality assurance, and there is no resource center available for a call or an assist.<\/p>\n<p>A recent decision of the United States Supreme Court ignores that reality and\u00a0 limits federal habeas review in a way that will tolerate mistakes even when innocence is at issue; and unless Pennsylvania law is corrected and resources are provided, the tolerance for error will prevail.<\/p>\n<p>Justice Thomas, joined by five conservative colleagues, eviscerated federal habeas review in a recent decision, <em>Shinn v. Ramirez<\/em>, 212 L. Ed. 2d 713 (2022).\u00a0 To understand its devastating reach, one must understand how ineffective assistance of counsel claims are litigated.<\/p>\n<p>In Pennsylvania, the direct appeal following a conviction and sentence may consider only issues preserved by trial counsel.\u00a0 If that appeal fails, a convicted person may file a Post Conviction Relief Act [P.C.R.A.] claim raising errors trial counsel missed or made.\u00a0 That process, too, allows an appeal if relief is denied at the trial court level.<\/p>\n<p>But what if P.C.R.A. counsel also failed miserably, neither reinvestigating the case nor identifying errors in the trial case.\u00a0 Until <em>Ramirez<\/em>, if a new [third] lawyer entered the case and found those errors or compelling new evidence, the claim could be presented to a federal habeas court with a full evidentiary hearing to present the new proof.<\/p>\n<p>That is what Mr. Ramirez tried.\u00a0 A death penalty case, his trial and post-trial counsel failed to unearth and deploy compelling proof of intellectual disability, a ground for a jury to return a sentence less than death if not an absolute bar to capital punishment.\u00a0 The companion case of <em>Jones<\/em> was even more egregious \u2013 as explained in the <em>Ramirez<\/em> dissent, federal habeas counsel \u201cpresented evidence that the injuries to [the victim] could not have been inflicted at the time the State alleged that Jones was with her, and\u2026this evidence would have been readily available to Jones\u2019 trial and state postconviction counsel, had they investigated the case.\u201d <em>Shinn v. Ramirez<\/em>, 212 L. Ed. 2d 713, 742 (Sotomayor, dissenting).<\/p>\n<p>Until <em>Ramirez<\/em>, federal courts were allowed to and sparingly permitted the development of such proof once federal habeas counsel \u2013 usually better trained and better funded \u2013 uncovered it.\u00a0 Justice Thomas and colleagues wrote that process out of federal law.\u00a0 Their OPINION extolled federalism, states\u2019 rights, and the need for finality, never once acknowledging the phenomenon of wrongful conviction or the inability of states to ensure properly resourced counsel at trial, appeal and post-conviction stages.\u00a0 The Court conflated the ill-lettered, incarcerated petitioner with their counsel, blaming the former for the dereliction or inadequacy of the latter.<\/p>\n<p>No matter how flawed the lawyering was, no matter how compelling the new proof, no matter how high the risk of wrongful conviction and the execution of a factually innocent person, federal judges are now forbidden to consider this \u2013 instead, they are limited to the state court record, the record that itself was devoid of this information.\u00a0 As Justice Sotomayor concluded, \u201c[t]he Court\u2019s decision will leave many people who were convicted in violation of the Sixth Amendment to face incarceration or even execution without any meaningful chance to vindicate their right to counsel.\u201d 212 L. Ed. 2d at 740.<\/p>\n<p>And in Pennsylvania?\u00a0 As is true nationally, the 6<sup>th<\/sup> Amendment guarantee of the right to counsel extends only to trial and the direct appeal, and there is no constitutional right to effective representation on P.C.R.A.\u00a0 The Commonwealth does guarantee that right as extrapolated from its Rules of Criminal Procedure, but as of today that may be more a chimera than reality, especially for the indigent.<\/p>\n<p>Here is why.\u00a0 When a convicted person loses their appeal, it is up to them or their family to initiate a P.C.R.A. claim.\u00a0 If indigent, that pleading will be passed to a court-appointed lawyer, often one with few or no resources, no mandatory training or certification, and not even a checklist to be used to search for and identify error.\u00a0 If counsel is retained, there is no guarantee of a greater level of skill in scanning a record for error or re-investigating a case \u2013 and often the funds to hire counsel are insufficient to also pay for investigations or experts.<\/p>\n<p>And if the P.C.R.A. lawyer gets it wrong, missing an issue or failing to investigate as did the lawyers in <em>Ramirez<\/em> and <em>Jones<\/em>?\u00a0 The Pennsylvania Supreme Court took a small but important step this past October when it ruled that a second lawyer on P.C.R.A. [such as one hired for an appeal after the P.C.R.A. is denied in the Court of Common Pleas] may claim P.C.R.A. counsel number one was ineffective by showing what claim[s] that lawyer missed.\u00a0 <em>Commonwealth v. Bradley<\/em>, 261 A.3d 381 (Pa. 2021).\u00a0 Yet the right is in many instances illusory.<\/p>\n<p>Why?\u00a0 The decision to seek\/obtain second counsel is that of the petitioner, a person often ill-educated and thus not prepared to realize the deficiencies in first P.C.R.A. counsel\u2019s performance.\u00a0 For the non-indigent petitioner, barriers are greater \u2013 they must recognize that they \u2018did not get what they paid for\u2019 and then gather enough funds, in a limited period of time, to pay for the second attorney.\u00a0 Finally, all of this must be done while the P.C.R.A. is pending; if P.C.R.A. counsel\u2019s errors are discovered after the P.C.R.A. concludes, a second P.C.R.A. is simply too late, regardless of the seriousness of counsel\u2019s error(s).<\/p>\n<p>What, then, can Pennsylvania do to avoid the dilemma highlighted by Justice Sotomayor \u2013 \u201cleav[ing] many people who were convicted in violation of the Sixth Amendment\u2026without any meaningful chance to vindicate their right to counsel.\u201d Were criminal defense funded more fairly and fully statewide, the risk would be reduced on the front end.\u00a0 But in a system of inadequate protection at the trial level, a series of steps must be contemplated for the right to effective <em>post-conviction<\/em> counsel to be more than an empty process.\u00a0 These include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A resource center for post-conviction counsel, one staffed by experienced post-conviction attorneys and offering model pleadings, reference manuals and individual case consulting and assistance<\/li>\n<li>Better funding for court-appointed P.C.R.A. attorneys, to attract more to the field and permit more work to be done in reviewing and investigating cases<\/li>\n<li>Contemplating a certification process, with required training, for post-conviction attorneys<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>At one time, habeas corpus was deemed the \u201cgreat writ,\u201d a fail-safe mechanism to correct error and avoid injustices.\u00a0 Unless Congress redraws the habeas statute, the role of correcting error will be that of each individual state.\u00a0 One need not have a crystal ball to know that Congress will not act; the question is whether Pennsylvania will.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Did you know about the lawyer who: Told their client they could not testify because their criminal record and its details would be admissible where the law was directly to the contrary. Let the jury know their client \u201clawyered up\u201d and sat idly by while the prosecutor argued that as proof of guilt. Filed a<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"generate_page_header":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,6,1],"tags":[],"coauthors":[330],"class_list":["post-3564","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-advocacy-and-evidence-blog","category-criminal-law","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>STATES&#039; RIGHTS OVER INNOCENCE AND CAPABLE LAWYERING - SCOTUS EVISCERATES HABEAS REVIEW - Advocacy and Evidence Resources<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"No matter how flawed lawyering was, how compelling the new proof, how high the risk of wrongful conviction, federal habeas judges are now forbidden to take evidence and grant relief\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/2022\/06\/25\/states-rights-over-innocence-and-capable-lawyering-scotus-eviscerates-habeas-review\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"STATES&#039; 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