{"id":3029,"date":"2021-07-13T14:00:29","date_gmt":"2021-07-13T18:00:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www2.law.temple.edu\/aer\/?p=3029"},"modified":"2021-12-16T14:55:40","modified_gmt":"2021-12-16T14:55:40","slug":"3029-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/2021\/07\/13\/3029-2\/","title":{"rendered":"“Photogrammetry” Is Sharper Than The Eye"},"content":{"rendered":"

The headline was simple \u2013 another person exonerated in a case where police claim he had confessed and where two eyewitnesses positively identified him.\u00a0 But absent from the story was any mention of DNA as the exculpating tool.\u00a0 Instead, it was reported as follows:<\/p>\n

The experts reviewed surveillance footage of the botched heist of Northeast Philadelphia\u2019s William Glatz Jewelers \u2014 which ended in a shootout that killed both Glatz and robber Kevin Turner \u2014 and concluded the perpetrator was at least four inches shorter than Onyiah. That aligned with the height estimates given by all four eyewitnesses on the scene in 2010.<\/p>\n

Melamed, Lawyers say Philly cops coerced a man to confess to murder. He\u2019s cleared after 10 years,<\/em> https:\/\/www.inquirer.com\/news\/philadelphia-ciu-exoneration-da-larry-krasner-patricia-cummings-obina-onyiah-20210504.html<\/a> (last visited May 8, 2021).\u00a0 The tool used was photogrammetry.<\/p>\n

This was the second instance known to this author in which measurement using technology showed that a person named as being the individual in a crime scene photo was wrongly identified.\u00a0 In 2013, Tahmir Craig was released after ten months in jail where he sat charged with a murder he did not commit.\u00a0 When a photo from a surveillance camera was broadcast to the public, a store owner acquainted with Craig identified him as the individual leaving the murder scene.\u00a0 After the photo was analyzed by the FBI, \u201cit was determined the shooter’s height was 5’11; Tahmir Craig is 5’5.\u201d\u00a0 Man wrongfully arrested in Chester murder freed after 10 months<\/em> (March 20, 2013), https:\/\/6abc.com\/archive\/9035084\/<\/a> (last visited May 8, 2021).<\/p>\n

The process is not new, and in one of the first reported instances of its use it was prosecution evidence:<\/p>\n

By analyzing two photographs, FBI Agent Douglas Goodin concluded and testified that the Berkeley robber was between 5’3” tall and 5’6” tall. Quinn is 5’5” tall. To determines the Berkeley robber’s height, Agent Goodin used a process in which a formula is derived by measuring the change in the dimensions of objects in a photograph as they move away from the camera. After testing the formula against objects of known dimensions in the photograph, Goodin was able to make an estimate of the robber’s height.<\/p>\n

United States v. Quinn<\/em>, 18 F.3d 1461, 1464 (9th<\/sup> Cir. 1994).\u00a0 Indeed, one author traces its origins to Leonardo DaVinci and the study of perspective.\u00a0 And like DNA evidence, what was first used as a means to support a conviction is now utilized to show actual innocence.<\/p>\n

The general reliability of photogrammetry evidence is seemingly well established.\u00a0 \u201cFederal and state courts have recognized photogrammetry as being a reliable science and have allowed expert testimony on the subject\u2026\u201d\u00a0 Kittle v. St. Jude’s Co., 2010 Colo. Dist. LEXIS 2037, *3\u00a0\u00a0 At the same time, photogrammetry evidence is not always proper.\u00a0 A recent decision reversed a trial court\u2019s admission of prosecution photogrammetry testimony because the original photograph, shot at night and less than \u201cpristine,\u201d left too many variables unknown.\u00a0 The expert admitted that<\/p>\n

there was “incalculable uncertainty” based on factors such as the quality of the image (it was taken at night), the unevenness of the terrain, the body position of the individual, the inability to see his feet, and the head covering the individual was wearing. She expressed concern about this particular examination because the subject was standing a “considerable distance” from the camera, felt obligated to “qualify” her results because the uneven terrain would make a difference in whether the camera lens height was actually at the position of the suspect, and noted that “because the terrain was somewhat uneven it wasn’t able to be completely, accurately collected.”<\/p>\n

Matthews v. State<\/u>, 249 Md. App. 509, 539, 2021 Md. App. LEXIS 158, *38, 246 A.3d 644.\u00a0 In another instance, such testimony was repudiated because it came from a detective who \u201cmade no calculations. Instead, he made one measurement using a tape measure and testified to the defendant’s height based upon what appears to be an extrapolation from that measurement.\u201d\u00a0 Williams v. State<\/u>, 300 So. 3d 202, 209, 2020 Fla. App. LEXIS 10193, *16, 45 Fla. L. Weekly D 1690, 2020 WL 3982828.\u00a0 The Florida court rejected this as inadequate to satisfy the threshold of expert testimony and as non-helpful lay opinion evidence.<\/p>\n

Back to the exoneration of Mr. Onyiah, a man 6\u20193\u201d tall and weighing 195 lbs.\u00a0 At the time of the crime, the two eyewitnesses described the perpetrator as 5\u20198\u201d tall.\u00a0 The police then developed a lead that the doer might be a person named Donte Waters.\u00a0 Yet this information was discarded when a prison inmate told police that he \u201csaw the video from the robbery on the TV three times and the male in the video was Obina Onyiah.\u201d\u00a0 Commonwealth v. Onyiah, Joint Stipulations of Fact, 27.\u00a0 Brought into custody, a confession to the crime was obtained.\u00a0 For trial, neither the prosecution nor defense counsel consulted with a photogrammetry expert.\u00a0 Id.<\/em><\/p>\n

Attempting to conduct measurements a decade later was problematic \u2013 the store had closed so shelves, display cases and other objects could not be measured for comparison with the suspect.\u00a0 But what proved available were the heights of known individuals also in the crime scene photographs.\u00a0 Three experts, working independently, reached the same conclusion \u2013 the male in the store video could not have been Mr. Onyiah and was several inches shorter.<\/p>\n

Here is the surveillance photo of the perpetrator, followed by one of the comparison photos used by one of the experts:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

What are the lessons?\u00a0 Several.\u00a0 A police confession trumped significant height disparities; available technology was not sought out when it could have been \u2013 either by police investigators or defense counsel; video capture of crimes offers critical proof but needs to be analyzed scientifically; and yet again, eyewitness testimony has been shown to be stated with confidence and convincing but indisputably wrong.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The headline was simple \u2013 another person exonerated in a case where police claim he had confessed and where two eyewitnesses positively identified him.\u00a0 But absent from the story was any mention of DNA as the exculpating tool.\u00a0 Instead, it was reported as follows: The experts reviewed surveillance footage of the botched heist of Northeast<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"generate_page_header":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,6,7],"tags":[],"coauthors":[238],"class_list":["post-3029","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-advocacy-and-evidence-blog","category-criminal-law","category-evidence"],"yoast_head":"\n"Photogrammetry" Is Sharper Than The Eye - Advocacy and Evidence Resources<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Measurement using technology showed that a person named as being the individual in a crime scene photo was wrongly identified.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/2021\/07\/13\/3029-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\""Photogrammetry" Is Sharper Than The Eye - 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