{"id":3026,"date":"2021-06-19T18:02:32","date_gmt":"2021-06-19T22:02:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www2.law.temple.edu\/aer\/?p=3026"},"modified":"2021-12-16T14:56:05","modified_gmt":"2021-12-16T14:56:05","slug":"can-we-trust-memory","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/2021\/06\/19\/can-we-trust-memory\/","title":{"rendered":"Can We Trust Memory?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Memory \u2013 how good is it?\u00a0 The law favors memory \u2013 we make witnesses tell their stories months or years after an event but preclude use of their diaries or memos to the file.\u00a0 And memory reliability gets \u2018politicized\u2018 \u2013 those who prosecute often default in favor of trusting memories long after the event, while those who defend cast aspersions calling memory untrustworthy, subject to distortion, and at risk of suggestion and manipulation.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

In the field of psychology, the understanding of memory has largely been one that recognizes it as fragile and malleable; but again, as much of that research has been by (or adapted by) those who apply it forensically \u2013 eyewitness researchers \u2013 it again has its skeptics.<\/p>\n

Where is this leading?\u00a0 To another field, neuroscience.\u00a0 Can brain activity\/measurement help us understand memory and confirm what parts of the psychological research are valid?<\/p>\n

The answer is decidedly \u201cyes,\u201d and it is found in a wonderful new book, REMEMBER (Harmony Books 2021).\u00a0 It is reader-friendly, designed for a general audience; and the author\u2019s credentials are impeccable \u2013 an undergraduate degree in biopsychology and a Ph.D. in neuroscience.\u00a0 And she is not a forensics person.\u00a0 She just cares about memory \u2013 how it works, where it can be improved, and how to help us as we age.<\/p>\n

That person is Lisa Genova, author of the earlier work STILL ALICE and the lecturer whose Ted talk on \u201cWhat You Can Do To Prevent Alzheimers\u201d has been viewed millions of times.\u00a0 https:\/\/www.ted.com\/talks\/lisa_genova_what_you_can_do_to_prevent_alzheimer_s<\/a><\/p>\n

REMEMBER is not written for judges or lawyers or police; it is meant to educate everyone about the nature of memory; about why it degrades over time both in terms of specific recollections and as a working process; and what alzheimers is and what steps may forestall or reduce its impact.<\/p>\n

But reading REMEMBER gives one a primer on the memory we rely on in investigations and adjudications. \u00a0We learn of types of memory \u2013 for example, \u201csemantic memory,\u201d the storing and recalling of facts (who the first President was); \u201cmuscle memory,\u201d the recall of \u2018how to do stuff;\u2019 and \u201cepisodic memory,\u201d the capture, storage and recall of events.\u00a0 We learn about the links among emotion, the release of chemicals in the brain, and memory creation and strength.\u00a0 And, of course, we learn some brain science, such as the role of the hippocampus.<\/p>\n

There is more.\u00a0 Psychologists who describe memory see it as a three-stage process \u2013 encoding (the initial capture); storage (holding in the brain); and retrieval (bringing the memory back up for use).\u00a0 Genova adds a fourth, one that follows on the heels of encoding.\u00a0 It is called \u201cconsolidation\u201d \u2013 the brain \u201clink[ing] the previously unrelated collection of neural activity into a single pattern of associated connections.\u201d<\/p>\n

So if this book is about the process of memory, what does it tell us that is of forensic value? \u00a0This is especially important as events associated with emotions \u2013 as many crimes or other events that bring witnesses to court are \u2013 are remembered more strongly.\u00a0 As Genova puts it, \u201cLife events that are infused with emotion are what we tend to remember long term.\u00a0 But that doesn\u2019t make them reliable.”<\/p>\n

Let me quote some passages:<\/p>\n

\u00a0 Your episodic memories are chock-full of distortions, additions, omissions, elaborations, confabulations, and other errors.\u00a0 Basically, your memories for what happened are wrong.<\/p>\n

\u2026<\/p>\n

To begin with, we can only introduce into the memory creation process what we notice and pay attention to in the first place\u2026We only encode and later remember certain slices of what happened\u2026From the get-go, our episodic memories are incomplete.<\/p>\n

\u2026<\/p>\n

\u00a0 In the process of consolidating an episodic memory, your brain is like a sticky-fingered, madcap chef.\u00a0 While it stirs together the ingredients of what you noticed for any particular memory, the recipe can change, often dramatically, with additions and subtractions supplied by imagination, opinion or assumptions.<\/p>\n

REMEMBER, then, confirms the lessons about the limited reliability of eyewitness memory.\u00a0 It offers the reader \u2018hard science\u2019 support for this along with a humane understanding of how we can survive and indeed thrive by knowing memory\u2019s limits and learning tools to enhance and support it.\u00a0 Read REMEMBER for your own satisfaction and to learn how to work toward improved accuracy of recollection; but for those who are in the trenches of investigation and litigation, use this book to \u2018remember\u2019 how imperfect an act \u2018remembering\u2019 is.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Memory \u2013 how good is it?\u00a0 The law favors memory \u2013 we make witnesses tell their stories months or years after an event but preclude use of their diaries or memos to the file.\u00a0 And memory reliability gets \u2018politicized\u2018 \u2013 those who prosecute often default in favor of trusting memories long after the event, while<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"generate_page_header":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,6,11],"tags":[],"coauthors":[238],"class_list":["post-3026","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-advocacy-and-evidence-blog","category-criminal-law","category-trial-advocacy"],"yoast_head":"\nCan We Trust Memory? - Advocacy and Evidence Resources<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"REMEMBER, confirms the lessons about the limited reliability of eyewitness memory.\u00a0 It offers the reader \u2018hard science\u2019 support for this.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/2021\/06\/19\/can-we-trust-memory\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Can We Trust Memory? 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