{"id":2931,"date":"2021-01-03T19:23:02","date_gmt":"2021-01-04T00:23:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www2.law.temple.edu\/aer\/?p=2931"},"modified":"2022-01-14T20:13:43","modified_gmt":"2022-01-14T20:13:43","slug":"who-what-to-trust-science-or-experience","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/2021\/01\/03\/who-what-to-trust-science-or-experience\/","title":{"rendered":"BRAIN LESSONS: WHO\/WHAT TO TRUST &#8211; SCIENCE OR EXPERIENCE?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>It is beyond question that we inhabit a nation where, to some, a trusted voice is more valued than hard data and science.\u00a0 Why?\u00a0 Are some people hard wired (or might we say \u201cpolitically wired\u201d) to view scientific evidence either as credible or untrustworthy?\u00a0 And if the answer is \u201cyes,\u201d what does that imply for courtroom advocacy \u2013 in the jury selection process or at trial itself?\u00a0 Or for how we teach trial skills to our students?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2932\" src=\"https:\/\/www2.law.temple.edu\/aer\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/in-science-we-trust-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" \/><\/p>\n<p>This is the problem analyzed in the paper \u201c<strong>We Should Hear from Both Sides: Ideological Differences Between Liberal and Conservative Attitudes Toward Scientific and Experiential Evidence<\/strong>,\u201d by Stein, Swan and Sarraf (2019) <a href=\"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3428776\">https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3428776<\/a>, last visited November 7, 2020.\u00a0 The overarching research question asks if someone\u2019s political leanings are predictive of whether the individual will credit the \u2018researcher\u2019 or the \u2018rejecter.\u2019<\/p>\n<p>To test this, they used problems not usually connected to public policy and politics, such as whether people accept the science of global warming.\u00a0 Consider this example: \u201ca researcher debunks the possibility of \u2018lucky streaks\u2019 in games of chance, while a casino manager says he does not believe the researcher and claims to have seen lucky streaks.\u201d\u00a0 To really measure how dominant political allegiance might be, the authors even added information that would \u00a0help the test subjects understand why the casino manager might be wrong.<\/p>\n<p>The outcome of the initial research was stark in its findings:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201ccompared to liberals, conservatives evaluate the science rejecter more favorably\u2026[and] conservatives also evaluated the researcher less favorably than liberals\u2026\u201d <em>Id<\/em>, 14-15<\/li>\n<li>\u201cLooking at liberals and conservatives only, among those who preferred the researcher, 37.0% are conservative, while among those who preferred the rejecter, 77.4% are conservative, and among those who gave equal ratings to both, 59.3% are conservative. Thus, those who do not rate the researcher more positively than the rejecter are especially likely to be conservatives\u2026\u201d\u00a0<em>Id.<\/em>, 15<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The first of two studies found that conservatives treat \u201cscientific and non-scientific perspectives as closer in legitimacy to one another\u201d with one reason being that they see \u201cintuitions as an infallible source of truth.\u201d\u00a0 <em>Id., <\/em>17.<\/p>\n<p>This does not mean that science did not prevail. \u00a0After a second study, the researchers concluded that \u201cboth conservatives and liberals, on average, evaluated the researcher more positively than the rejecter, indicating that both groups overall see the value in science and, at least on these [non-politically-charged] issues, tend to think the scientific perspective is more likely to be the correct one.\u201d\u00a0 <em>Id., <\/em>21.<\/p>\n<p>Was there a bottom line?\u00a0 One conclusion was that conservatives hold sincere beliefs that what people experience is as legitimate a source of truth as scientific evidence. \u00a0As well, \u201cthe case that intuitive thinking makes empirical understanding difficult continues to be clear.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Okay, an interesting digression into mainstream thinking.\u00a0 But what might this have to do with trial advocacy?\u00a0 Plenty.\u00a0 Just some of the considerations this research triggers include the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>What is fair jury <em>voir dire<\/em> in a data-driven case where the jurors may also hear experience-based testimony that counters the research. It is doubtful that judges would (or should) permit the question \u201cwhat are your political leanings,\u201d but might it be appropriate to ask \u201cif you heard a mathematician say that \u2018odds always favor the casino\u2019 but a blackjack dealer testifies that \u2018lots of people beat the system\u2019 would you tend to believe one or the other?\u201d<\/li>\n<li>What expert do you select, and how do you \u2018school\u2019 that person to make data seem more tangible and trustworthy?<\/li>\n<li>Can you find a story to make the jurors who are more conservative \u201cthink slowly\u201d and get to the place where they can reason past their intuitive thinking?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>There is one more consideration, and that is for those who teach advocacy skills to law students and to young lawyers: when do we introduce them to studies like these and explain that our model direct- and cross-examinations are just that \u2013 generic models for the \u2018reasonable person\u2019 juror in a world where that stereotype may have less and less relevance?<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>It is beyond question that we inhabit a nation where, to some, a trusted voice is more valued than hard data and science.\u00a0 Why?\u00a0 Are some people hard wired (or might we say \u201cpolitically wired\u201d) to view scientific evidence either as credible or untrustworthy?\u00a0 And if the answer is \u201cyes,\u201d what does that imply for<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"generate_page_header":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,11],"tags":[],"coauthors":[238],"class_list":["post-2931","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-brain-lessons","category-trial-advocacy"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>BRAIN LESSONS: WHO\/WHAT TO TRUST - SCIENCE OR EXPERIENCE? 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