{"id":2756,"date":"2020-09-05T13:58:27","date_gmt":"2020-09-05T17:58:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www2.law.temple.edu\/aer\/?p=2756"},"modified":"2021-12-16T14:56:56","modified_gmt":"2021-12-16T14:56:56","slug":"bullet-points","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/2020\/09\/05\/bullet-points\/","title":{"rendered":"“BULLET” POINTS"},"content":{"rendered":"

Does science support a firearms and toolmark expert from saying anything more than that \u201cthe firearm\u00a0may<\/em>\u00a0have fired the recovered casing\u2026?\u00a0 Not \u2018it came from this gun and no other,\u2019 or \u2018casings from the crime scene and from test fires of the suspect\u2019s gun match,\u2019 but a much more calibrated and restricted conclusion, evidence that is probative but not determinative.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

According to a September, 2019 ruling, the \u201cmay\u201d finding is the limit.\u00a0 \u201c[T]he government’s expert may testify that based on his examination, the recovered firearm cannot be excluded as the source of the cartridge casing found on the scene of the alleged shooting. \u201c
\nUnited States v. Tibbs<\/u>, 2019 D.C. Super. LEXIS 9, *80.<\/p>\n

Before delving into Tibbs<\/em>, some context may be needed.\u00a0 Examining firearms to link a fired projectile or cartridge casing to a specific weapon has been a practice for more than a century.\u00a0 Hamby and Thorpe, The History of Firearm and Toolmark Identification, http:\/\/www.firearmsid.com\/A_historyoffirearmsID.htm<\/a> (last visited November 29, 2019). \u00a0The study of stria, the markings left on projectiles after firing, began in the 1880s.<\/p>\n

As one article describes an early effort, \u201c[i]n 1907, the Frankfort Arsenal was able to positively identify thirty-nine out of the forty-five examined cartridge cases to either a Krag rifle or Springfield rifle used in a riot in Brownsville, Texas, through the use of only magnified photographs of firing pin impressions on the spent cartridge cases.\u201d\u00a0 COMMENT: AMENDING THE ILLINOIS POSTCONVICTION STATUTE TO INCLUDE BALLISTICS TESTING, 56 DePaul L. Rev. 695, 700 (Winter, 2007).<\/p>\n

Yet distinguishing between cases from two guns of different manufacture is a far cry from linking a projectile or cartridge case to a single firearm and excluding all others, especially in a world where weapons proliferate.\u00a0 In the United States alone there are more than 300 million firearms.\u00a0 https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2016\/01\/05\/462017461\/guns-in-america-by-the-numbers<\/a> (last visited November 29, 2019).<\/p>\n

The sheer number of weapons has not deterred experts from concluding, and courts allowing testimony, that a particle bullet or cartridge case came from a suspect\u2019s firearm to the exclusion of all other weapons in the world.\u00a0 Yet there have been demonstrated errors in such testimony.\u00a0 As reported in the New York Times on November 28, \u00a0\u201cDarrell Siggers, who spent 34 years in prison before\u2026his release last year[]\u2026He was convicted based on\u00a0erroneous testimony\u00a0from a police officer who said that a bullet in the victim\u2019s body matched one found in Mr. Siggers\u2019s apartment building.\u201d\u00a0 https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2019\/11\/28\/us\/conviction-integrity-unit-innocence.html<\/a> (last visited November 29, 2019).<\/p>\n

Which brings us to Tibbs<\/em>.\u00a0 A challenge to the scope of firearms matching testimony brought by Washington D.C.\u2019s Public Defender Service, an office known for its understanding of and commitment to litigating challenges to expert testimony, the Tibbs<\/em> court heard days of expert testimony and reviewed expert reports.\u00a0 Because the District of Columbia had recently transitioned from the Frye<\/em> standard to the federal Daubert<\/em> test, the Judge deemed it a chance for a fresh look at this debate.<\/p>\n

The decision in some sense speaks for itself, and while it is one of many to confront challenges to firearms matching evidence it is one of the few to impose substantial limits.\u00a0 For recent decisions to the contrary, see United States v. Romero-Lobato, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 80881, *3, 2019 WL 2089988 (D.Ct. Nev. May 13, 2019) (collecting cases and approving testimony that \u201cthe Taurus handgun found in the stolen Yukon following the police chase is the same gun that was used to fire a round into the ceiling of Aguitas Bar and Grill.\u201d).<\/p>\n

What, then, is its importance?\u00a0 First, Tibbs<\/em> is one of the few cases to actually have an evidentiary hearing with competing expert testimony on the threshold issue of admissibility.\u00a0 It also is one that applies each Daubert<\/em> criterion with great scrutiny as when, for example, it determines that journals of, by and for firearms examiners do not constitute true \u201cpeer review.\u201d\u00a0 The opinion also offers a meticulous dissecting of studies regarding the \u201cerror rate\u201d [or lack of a well-established one] in this field.<\/p>\n

The impact of Tibbs<\/em> may already have been felt.\u00a0 In December, 2019, a federal district judge judge cited to Tibbs<\/em> and went on to discuss \u201cthe near total subjectivity countenanced by the AFTE Theory, where there is no actual guidance for what comprises \u2018sufficient agreement.\u2019\u201d\u00a0 United States v. Shipp, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 205397, *37-38.\u00a0 The Shipp<\/em> court then imposed the following limitations, ruling that the expert may<\/p>\n

testify that the toolmarks on the recovered bullet fragment and shell casing are consistent with having been fired from the recovered firearm, and that the recovered firearm cannot be excluded as the source of the recovered bullet fragment and shell casing. However, Detective Ring may not testify, to any degree of certainty, that the recovered firearm is the source of the recovered bullet fragment or the recovered shell casing.<\/p>\n

United States v. Shipp, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 205397, *46.<\/p>\n

There is broader significance.\u00a0 David Kaye has written that \u201cFederal Rule of Evidence 702 has not performed well in regulating the admission of putatively scientific identification methods for associating traces with their possible sources.\u201d\u00a0 Kaye, How Daubert and Its Progeny Have Failed Criminalistics Evidence and a Few Things the Judiciary Could Do About It, 86 Fordham L. Rev. 1639, 1658 (March, 2018).\u00a0 The Tibbs <\/em>OPINION -whether one agrees with its ultimate determination or not \u2013 is an exception to that criticism in its diligence and thoroughness.\u00a0 And for anyone involved in investigating, prosecuting, defending, or judging cases involving firearm tracing analysis, it and Shipp <\/em>are essential reading.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

NOTE \u2013 <\/strong>This article was first published in Criminal Justice, Volume 35, Number 1, Spring 2020. \u00a9 2020 by the American Bar Association. Reproduced with permission. All rights reserved. This information or any portion thereof may not be copied or disseminated in any form or by any means or stored in an electronic database or retrieval system without the express written consent of the American Bar Association.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Does science support a firearms and toolmark expert from saying anything more than that \u201cthe firearm\u00a0may\u00a0have fired the recovered casing\u2026?\u00a0 Not \u2018it came from this gun and no other,\u2019 or \u2018casings from the crime scene and from test fires of the suspect\u2019s gun match,\u2019 but a much more calibrated and restricted conclusion, evidence that is<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"generate_page_header":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,6,7,11],"tags":[],"coauthors":[238],"class_list":["post-2756","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-advocacy-and-evidence-blog","category-criminal-law","category-evidence","category-trial-advocacy"],"yoast_head":"\n"BULLET" POINTS - Advocacy and Evidence Resources<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Does science support a firearms and toolmark expert from saying anything more than that \u201cthe firearm\u00a0may\u00a0have fired the recovered casing..."\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/2020\/09\/05\/bullet-points\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\""BULLET" POINTS - 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