{"id":2459,"date":"2019-11-30T12:52:53","date_gmt":"2019-11-30T17:52:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www2.law.temple.edu\/aer\/?p=2459"},"modified":"2021-12-16T14:56:58","modified_gmt":"2021-12-16T14:56:58","slug":"they-did-something-similar-before-prior-acts-character-and-self-defense","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/2019\/11\/30\/they-did-something-similar-before-prior-acts-character-and-self-defense\/","title":{"rendered":"\u201cThey did something similar before\u201d \u2013 prior acts, character, and self-defense"},"content":{"rendered":"

In a recent (October, 2019) manslaughter trial in Philadelphia, the jury heard a lot about the victim, information not limited to conduct at the time of the fight that led to his death.\u00a0 The jury heard, as an early defense witness, a bartender from Florida.\u00a0 Although the death occurred in 2018, the jury heard about an incident in 2008, a decade earlier.\u00a0 As reported by the Philadelphia Inquirer, here is what was testified to:<\/p>\n

[D]efense attorneys on Friday called Philip Birchfield to the stand. Birchfield, of Destin, Fla., testified that he encountered [victim] in 2008 while working as a security guard at a bar in the coastal Florida city. Birchfield said other bouncers tried to eject [victim], but he became so unruly it took three of them to carry [victim] outside. Birchfield said [victim] threw punches during the encounter and eventually bit Birchfield\u2019s elbow, leaving a scar that remains.<\/p>\n

\u201cHe was just going wild,\u201d Birchfield said.<\/p>\n

Rittenhouse stabbing trial doesn\u2019t answer a key question: What provoked the fatal confrontation?<\/strong>, October 11, 2019, https:\/\/www.inquirer.com\/news\/rittenhouse-square-stabbing-trial-sean-schellenger-michael-white-20191011.html<\/a> (last visited October 21, 2019).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

The testimony \u2013 putting aside the concern over remoteness \u2013 is permissible in Pennsylvania.\u00a0 The Commonwealth\u2019s Evidence rules specifically allow proof of acts \u2013 whether there was a conviction, the act was charged criminally, or the incident was just alleged.\u00a0 Why?\u00a0 Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 405(b)(2) specifically addresses this:<\/p>\n

In a criminal case, when character or a character trait of an alleged victim is admissible under Pa.R.E. 404(a)(2)(B) the defendant may prove the character or character trait by specific instances of conduct.<\/p>\n

But would it be allowed in federal trials?\u00a0 The answer is \u201cnot as in the Pennsylvania prosecution, but maybe sometimes.\u201d<\/p>\n

At first blush, the answer is a resounding \u201cno\u201d because the Federal Rules of Evidence allow character to be proved only by opinion or reputation, except when character is an element of a claim, charge or defense (a circumstance that almost never arises).\u00a0 \u201cCharacter\u201d is not an element of self-defense; but character might prove whether the victim was the initial aggressor or escalated the encounter.\u00a0 Again, though, it would be proved by calling witnesses \u00a0to say \u201cIt is my opinion that [victim] was aggressive\/violent\u201d or \u201ceveryone says [victim] was aggressive\/violent.\u201d<\/p>\n

Caselaw makes this clear.\u00a0 See<\/em> U.S. v. Gulley, 526 F.3d 809, 819 (5th Cir. 2008) (finding such evidence to be inadmissible); U.S. v. Gregg, 451 F.3d 930, 935 (8th Cir. 2006) (noting “specific acts evidence is not admissible to prove a victim acted in conformity with his character” under the federal rules); See also U.S. v. Keiser, 57 F.3d 847, 857 (9th Cir. 1995) (excluding such evidence because “the victim’s violent nature is not essential to a successful claim of self-defense”).<\/p>\n

Nonetheless, there is one clear exception to this ban, and possibly a second one.\u00a0 The clear exception is when the defendant\/accused knew\/heard of the violent act(s) of the victim; that knowledge is relevant to the fear and perception of danger the accused had, and that fear may make the conduct justified or at least without malice.<\/p>\n

Again, caselaw confirms this.\u00a0 \u00a0See\u00a0United States v. Saenz,<\/em>\u00a0179 F.3d 686, 688\u201389 (9th Cir. 1999) (finding that Rule 404(b) does not bar the admissibility of evidence of the defendant\u2019s knowledge of a victim\u2019s prior bad acts as probative of the defendant\u2019s fearful mental state);\u00a0Government of Virgin Islands v. Carino,\u00a0<\/em>631 F.2d 226, 229 (3d Cir. 1980)\u00a0<\/em>(finding that evidence of a victim’s prior conviction, which the defendant had knowledge of, is admissible under 404(b) as probative of the\u00a0defendant’s\u00a0state of mind);\u00a0See also\u00a0U.S. v. Gregg<\/em>, 451 F.3d at 935 (citing\u00a0Saenz\u00a0<\/em>and noting that \u201c[e]vidence of specific instances of a victim’s prior violent conduct for purposes of proving a defendant’s state of mind\u201d is admissible \u201cto the extent a defendant establishes knowledge of such prior violent conduct at the time of the conduct underlying the offense charged.\u201d);\u00a0U.S. v. Castillo<\/em>, 2010 WL 11619257, at *3 (D.N.M. Sept. 23, 2010) (accepting the reasoning of the circuit courts and finding evidence of victim\u2019s prior conduct admissible under 404(b) to show the defendant\u2019s state of mind).<\/p>\n

And the other possible<\/em> exception?\u00a0 A Due Process \u201cright to present a defense\u201d claim.\u00a0 One court has so held.\u00a0 But to appreciate it, one must appreciate the context (a murder where the defendant shot and killed a man on his \u2013 the defendant\u2019s \u2013 porch).\u00a0 The \u2018other act\u2019 proof is described below:<\/p>\n

According to witnesses, shortly before Monterio arrived at Fortini’s house, Monterio ran onto a basketball court where four white males were playing night basketball. Monterio then struck, or attempted to strike, all four men. After his companion (Lopes) pulled him away, Monterio yelled, “I’ll kill them all. Remember my face, I’m Ceasar Monterio. I’m the baddest motherfucker in town.” Immediately\u00a0\u00a0[*43]\u00a0\u00a0after the confrontation, Monterio and Lopes walked towards Fortini’s house.\u00a0On the way, a police officer heard Monterio again yell, “I’m bad. I’m the baddest motherfucker in the world.” Monterio arrived at Fortini’s house a few minutes later. In his pretrial motion, Fortini argued that the evidence of this episode was admissible because\u00a0[**5]\u00a0\u00a0the fight and the shooting had a “temporal and schematic nexus,” and that the evidence–by showing that Monterio had been violent that night and was acting in “hot blood”–supported in various ways Fortini’s claim of self defense.<\/p>\n

Fortini v. Murphy<\/u>, 257 F.3d 39, 42-43 (1st<\/sup> Cir. 2001).\u00a0 In considering the conviction on federal habeas review, the 1st<\/sup> Circuit opined that the proof \u201cshould have been admitted under conventional evidence rules\u2026\u201d but also put a constitutional gloss on it, discussing whether exclusion might be so destructive to the core defense as to violate Due Process, a conclusion the 1st<\/sup> Circuit declined to reach.<\/p>\n

Stretching Fortini<\/em>, a Colorado District Court Judge misread it as holding that \u201cthe First Circuit held that prior violence by the victim, even though unknown to the defendant, was relevant under Rule 404 as tending to portray the victim as a violent man\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

United States v. Sablan, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 23537, *41, 75 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. (Callaghan) 1187.\u00a0 That is decidedly not<\/em> what the First Circuit held, and in Fortini<\/em> the \u2018other act\u2019 occurred within minutes of the murder, arguably making it part of the course of events and directly reflective of the victim\u2019s emotional state in that moment..\u00a0 So Sablan<\/em> is the outlier.<\/p>\n

And the meaning?\u00a0 Unless the defendant knew of the other act(s) or the conduct was in the same stream of events, federal trials will not proceed as the Philadelphia case did.\u00a0 For better or worse, where one is tried will determine when prior act proof is admissible to show propensity.<\/p>\n

Thanks are offered to Philadelphia attorney and Evidence Professor Shanin Spector, and his Teaching Assistant at the University of Pennsylvania Law School, who shared their legal research on this issue with this author as we debated what a federal court\u2019s response to such a proffer would be.<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In a recent (October, 2019) manslaughter trial in Philadelphia, the jury heard a lot about the victim, information not limited to conduct at the time of the fight that led to his death.\u00a0 The jury heard, as an early defense witness, a bartender from Florida.\u00a0 Although the death occurred in 2018, the jury heard about<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"generate_page_header":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,6,7,11],"tags":[],"coauthors":[238],"class_list":["post-2459","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-advocacy-and-evidence-blog","category-criminal-law","category-evidence","category-trial-advocacy"],"yoast_head":"\n\u201cThey did something similar before\u201d \u2013 prior acts, character, and self-defense - Advocacy and Evidence Resources<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"May a victim's prior bad acts prove violent character in federal trials where self-defense is raised? 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