{"id":2341,"date":"2019-07-06T14:43:59","date_gmt":"2019-07-06T18:43:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www2.law.temple.edu\/aer\/?p=2341"},"modified":"2021-12-16T14:57:21","modified_gmt":"2021-12-16T14:57:21","slug":"pennsylvanias-state-of-mind-struggles","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/2019\/07\/06\/pennsylvanias-state-of-mind-struggles\/","title":{"rendered":"PENNSYLVANIA’S “STATE OF MIND” STRUGGLES"},"content":{"rendered":"

Pennsylvania Courts still struggle with the 803(3) state of mind hearsay exception<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

The day a woman died, a note was found on her day planner in her handwriting that read \u201c”If something happens to me – JOE.”\u00a0 Needless to say, \u201cJoe\u201d ended up charged with murder.\u00a0 And in upholding the admission of the note found in the planner, the Pennsylvania Superior Court demonstrated, yet again, that the \u201cstate of mind\u201d exception to the ban on hearsay, that found in Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 803(3), is all-too-often misunderstood or misapplied.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

What is the state of mind exception?\u00a0 It has two components common to all hearsay \u2013 it must include an assertion, and that assertion must be offered for its truth.\u00a0 And there is more.\u00a0 The assertion must satisfy the Rule, which provides for<\/p>\n

[a] statement of the declarant’s then-existing state of mind\u00a0(such as motive, intent or plan) or emotional, sensory, or physical condition (such as mental feeling, pain, or bodily health), but not including a statement of memory or belief to prove the fact remembered or believed unless it relates to the validity or terms of the declarant’s will.<\/p>\n

Pa.R.Evid. 803(3).\u00a0 Typical examples include \u201cI\u2019m happy,\u201d \u201cI\u2019m frustrated,\u201d \u201cI\u2019m tired,\u201d \u201cmy back hurts,\u201d or \u201cI plan on going to the library at 2 p.m.\u201d\u00a0 Each is, in effect, a present sense impression of what the declarant is feeling at that moment.<\/p>\n

However, the Rule excepts \u201ca statement of memory or belief to prove the fact remembered or believed\u2026\u201d\u00a0 What does that look like?\u00a0 \u201cI\u2019m angry because last week Jules humiliated me<\/em>.\u201d\u00a0 The italicized <\/em>words are a statement of memory \u2013 and they are inadmissible if they are being used to prove that indeed Jules humiliated the speaker one week earlier.<\/p>\n

Now, back to \u201cJoe.\u201d\u00a0 One must first ask are the words \u201cIf something happens to me \u2013 Joe[]\u201d an assertion?\u00a0 They most certainly are \u2013 the declarant is stating her belief that \u201cif something happens to me Joe will be the agent who caused it<\/em>.\u201d\u00a0 And in the murder trial at issue, that\u2019s precisely what the prosecution sought to prove \u2013 that the woman did not die as the result of an accident but instead at the hands of Joe.<\/p>\n

So, where is the misunderstanding?\u00a0 Before turning to that, we need to understand a non-hearsay form of state of mind.\u00a0 Imagine someone coming to court and saying that \u201cI heard Jules say the Phillies are a terrible team.\u201d\u00a0 If we are using this to prove that Jules thinks that, it is not hearsay; it only becomes hearsay when the goal is to prove that the fact asserted \u2013 that the Phillies are<\/em> a terrible team \u2013 is true.<\/p>\n

The Superior Court conflated the two.\u00a0 That it was confused is shown by the following passage:<\/p>\n

We conclude that the note was admissible under the\u00a0state-of-mind\u00a0exception\u2026The note was admissible over the hearsay objection because it tended to establish the victim’s then-existing belief,\u00a0i.e.<\/em>, her\u00a0state\u00a0of\u00a0mind, which was relevant to show the ill will that the victim perceived from Fitzpatrick, and, by implication, that their marriage was not going well. The note was thus not offered for the truth of the matter\u00a0asserted and therefore was not hearsay.<\/p>\n

Commonwealth v. Fitzpatrick, 2019 Pa. Super. LEXIS 144, *10-11, 2019 PA Super 46, 2019 WL 666714.\u00a0 A statement cannot be hearsay and<\/em> \u201cnot offered for the truth of the matter asserted\u2026\u201d\u00a0 Hearsay by definition is<\/em> offered and admitted for its truth.<\/p>\n

There are additional errors here.\u00a0 To the extent that the Superior Court meant that this was indeed not hearsay, it failed to conduct a Rule 403 analysis, i.e.<\/em>, whether a jury would be misled or confused and possibly use the words for the truth \u2013 that Joe was responsible for the death.\u00a0 In other words, the jury was supposed to grasp that the words meant \u2018I think he wants me dead and that is evidence that our marriage is bad\u2019 but that the same words were not proof that he actually was the murderer, a form of mental gymnastics virtually impossible to accomplish.<\/p>\n

Beyond that there was an even more profound error.\u00a0 The Superior Court decided after the fact that the words were not offered for their truth, but no limiting instruction was given to the jury, the trial judge admitted the words for their truth and that\u2019s what the prosecutor argued in closing.<\/p>\n

Anne Marie’ s voice is here to tell you something else. On the day of her death, June 6th, 2012, if something happens to me, Joe. Annemarie Fitzpatrick. If her voice is in this room, ladies and gentlemen, it’ s on this side of the courtroom . And that’ s what she wanted you to know.<\/p>\n

\u2026<\/p>\n

I will reemphasize just like the defense said he said Annemarie is telling you what to do . He’ s right, ladies and gentlemen . Annemarie told you if something happens to her, Joe<\/p>\n

Strangely, the Superior Court recognized that another note written by the woman just before she died was an assertion offered for its truth and did not meet the 803(3) standard.\u00a0 That same day, the woman sent an email that read \u201c’Joe and I are having marital problems. Last night we almost had an accident where a huge log fell on me. Joe was on the pile with the log and had me untying a tarp directly below.”\u00a0 The Superior Court properly identified this as \u201cthe victim’s recount of her \u2018memory or belief to prove the fact remembered[.]\u2019\u201d\u00a0\u00a0 Yet the planner statement is an assertion of belief \u2013 that Joe will<\/em> be the one responsible for my death.\u00a0 There is no logic to labeling one circumstantial evidence of a bad marriage and the other inadmissible hearsay.<\/p>\n

Two lessons emerge from this case.\u00a0 \u201cState of mind\u201d hearsay remains a confused area of law in Pennsylvania; and appellate courts should not label a statement as admissible for a non-hearsay purpose when no one told that to the jury and the words were indeed argued for their truth.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

“Reprinted with permission from the May 1, 2019 issue of THE LEGAL INTELLIGENCER. \u00a9 [PUBLICATION YEAR] ALM Media Properties, LLC. Further duplication without permission is prohibited.\u00a0 All rights reserved.”<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pennsylvania Courts still struggle with the 803(3) state of mind hearsay exception \u00a0 The day a woman died, a note was found on her day planner in her handwriting that read \u201c”If something happens to me – JOE.”\u00a0 Needless to say, \u201cJoe\u201d ended up charged with murder.\u00a0 And in upholding the admission of the note<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"generate_page_header":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,6,7,11],"tags":[],"coauthors":[238],"class_list":["post-2341","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-advocacy-and-evidence-blog","category-criminal-law","category-evidence","category-trial-advocacy"],"yoast_head":"\nPENNSYLVANIA'S "STATE OF MIND" STRUGGLES - Advocacy and Evidence Resources<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/2019\/07\/06\/pennsylvanias-state-of-mind-struggles\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"PENNSYLVANIA'S "STATE OF MIND" STRUGGLES - 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