{"id":2138,"date":"2018-04-21T08:36:11","date_gmt":"2018-04-21T12:36:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www2.law.temple.edu\/aer\/?p=2138"},"modified":"2021-12-16T14:57:51","modified_gmt":"2021-12-16T14:57:51","slug":"impeach-witness-hard-fair","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/2018\/04\/21\/impeach-witness-hard-fair\/","title":{"rendered":"IMPEACH A WITNESS: HARD BUT FAIR"},"content":{"rendered":"

Reduced criminal charges and status as an illegal immigrant.\u00a0 What role may each play in assessing whether the witness who has received reduced charges, or who is an illegal immigrant, is being truthful and accurate?\u00a0 A recent petition for writ of certiorari <\/em>\u00a0in the United States Supreme Court addresses the former; and a new decision from the New Jersey Supreme Court sets real limits on the second.<\/p>\n

\"\"\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

REDUCED CHARGES: <\/strong>When a witness testifies, the jury is entitled to learn of the individual\u2019s potential bias \u2013 and little more has the potential to generate bias than a criminal charge that has been reduced in exchange for the witness\u2019 testimony.\u00a0 But to assess bias, must the jury hear how big the avoided punishment was?\u00a0 Is it enough to say \u201cthe charges you faced were dropped from Robbery to Theft,\u201d or is a jury without sufficient information to judge credibility unless it is also told \u201cand Robbery carries a possible 20 year sentence, but Theft carries no more than 5?\u201d<\/p>\n

This issue has been submitted to the United States Supreme Court for resolution.\u00a0 Trent v. United States<\/em> ( http:\/\/www.scotusblog.com\/case-files\/cases\/trent-v-united-states\/<\/a> ) presents the case squarely, demonstrates the split in courts at both the state and federal levels, and urges that the Court accept the issue and resolve it.\u00a0 After explaining the importance of the issue because cooperators testify regularly for significant reductions in sentencing exposure, the Petition contends that the Constitution demands full disclosure:<\/p>\n

The specific length of a mandatory minimum sentence that a testifying co-conspirator avoids is powerful evidence of bias; offering a jury mere generalities (such as a\u00a0 substantial\u201d mandatory minimum) does not convey the magnitude of a witness\u2019s potential bias. On the other hand, the government\u2019s interest in excluding this evidence\u2014 asserted fears of jury nullification\u2014are relatively minimal.<\/p>\n

The contention that jurors need the specific numbers is unsupported by research or psychological studies but argued anecdotally:<\/p>\n

The extent of a cooperating co-conspirator\u2019s motive cannot be properly captured by generic statements describing a \u201csubstantial\u201d mandatory minimum or the like. The specific <\/em>term a witness would face absent the cooperation is essential evidence.<\/p>\n

As petitioner argued to the district court, to most jurors, a sentence of one year would seem \u201csubstantial.\u201d\u00a0 See 6\/28 Trans. 215-16. A vague term like \u201csubstantial\u201d does little to inform the jury as to the extent of a testifying witness\u2019s motive to please the prosecutor. By \u00a0contrast, a jury\u2019s impression of a witness would likely be quite different if it learned that, but for the witness\u2019s testimony, he or she is certain to receive a sentence of 20 years (or some other mandatory minimum).<\/p>\n

Intriguingly, the Petition relies on trial advocacy texts to bolster its stance.\u00a0 How the Court will decide \u2013 whether to hear the case and what the ruling should be \u2013 is only a guess; but the Petition raises a critical Confrontation question and is a useful guide for practitioners, both defense counsel and prosecutors, on the scope of cross-examination.<\/p>\n

IMMIGRATION:<\/strong>\u00a0 Charged with a sexual assault, and testifying in his own behalf, a criminal accused was cross-examined with the question “You’re from Honduras, right?” After defendant said “yes,” the prosecution asked, “And you didn’t come into the United States legally?”\u00a0 State v. Sanchez-Medina, Nos. A-10, 077883, 2018 N.J. LEXIS 68, at *15 (Jan. 18, 2018) <\/a>.<\/p>\n

Properly, the prosecution conceded on appeal that such questioning should never have occurred.\u00a0 The New Jersey Supreme Court agreed, vehemently.\u00a0 Here is the Court\u2019s analysis:<\/p>\n

Whether a defendant entered the country legally tells a jury nothing about whether he committed an act of sexual assault. In this case, it is simply not relevant to the offenses for which defendant Sanchez-Medina was on trial.<\/p>\n

Even if relevant, “evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the risk of . . . undue prejudice, confusion of issues, or misleading the jury.” N.J.R.E.<\/em> 403. Both today and in late 2013 when this trial took place, evidence of a defendant’s undocumented immigration status could appeal to prejudice, inflame certain jurors, and distract them from their proper role in the justice system: to evaluate relevant evidence fairly and objectively.<\/p>\n

In limited circumstances, proof of a person’s immigration status can be admissible. If the prosecution,\u00a0for example, promised a witness favorable immigration treatment in exchange for truthful testimony, a jury would be entitled to assess the witness’s credibility in light of that promise. Or if a defendant had lied about his immigration status to obtain government benefits as part of a scheme to defraud, his true status would be relevant to the crime charged. Still, exceptions like those are rare. In most cases, the immigration status of a witness or party is simply irrelevant, and a jury should not learn about it.<\/p>\n

Of particular importance, the Court also affirmed that coming into the country illegally is not sufficient to show a character trait of being dishonest for impeachment under Rule 608(b).<\/p>\n

The upshot \u2013 impeach hard, but impeach fair.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Reduced criminal charges and status as an illegal immigrant.\u00a0 What role may each play in assessing whether the witness who has received reduced charges, or who is an illegal immigrant, is being truthful and accurate?\u00a0 A recent petition for writ of certiorari \u00a0in the United States Supreme Court addresses the former; and a new decision<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"generate_page_header":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,3,7,11],"tags":[],"coauthors":[238],"class_list":["post-2138","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-advocacy","category-advocacy-and-evidence-blog","category-evidence","category-trial-advocacy"],"yoast_head":"\nIMPEACH A WITNESS: HARD BUT FAIR - Advocacy and Evidence Resources<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/2018\/04\/21\/impeach-witness-hard-fair\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"IMPEACH A WITNESS: HARD BUT FAIR - 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