{"id":2110,"date":"2018-01-24T09:15:04","date_gmt":"2018-01-24T14:15:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www2.law.temple.edu\/aer\/?p=2110"},"modified":"2021-12-16T14:57:51","modified_gmt":"2021-12-16T14:57:51","slug":"bias-dogs-im-sorry","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/2018\/01\/24\/bias-dogs-im-sorry\/","title":{"rendered":"Bias, Dogs, and “I’m Sorry”"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

We are often told that \u201cjustice is color blind.\u00a0 But research continues to expose the fallacy of this contention, particularly when it comes to subconscious bias.\u00a0 And where must we worry about bias as affecting judgment?\u00a0 Consider these two statements:<\/p>\n

1. <\/strong>\u201cA [drug detection] dog’s\u2026 reliability is established for the purpose of admitting the dog’s alert where ‘the evidence presented, whether testimony from the dog’s trainer or records of the dog’s training, establishes that the dog is generally certified as a drug detection dog.’\u201d\u00a0 United States v. Keeling<\/u>, No. 3:16-CR-00127-TBR, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 88086, at *15-16 (W.D. Ky. June 8, 2017)<\/p>\n

2. <\/strong>Rivers claims Frensley told him “the appellate judges were ‘old white men’ who would not go against another white judge for a young black man” and “that is just how it is.\u201d\u2026 Frensley denies Rivers’ allegations that he used “racial implications” to force Rivers to execute the sentencing agreement, and stated such claims are “both nonsensical and untrue.” Rivers v. United States<\/u>, No. 3:15 C 00108, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 67586, at *11 (M.D. Tenn. May 2, 2017).<\/p>\n

The first, about the drug dog, suggests that all that matters is training; but what it omits is the bias of the drug dog handler.\u00a0 Consider this report from National Public Radio:<\/p>\n

Police dogs searching for drugs sometimes “alert” for them when they’re not there. That raises questions about the influence of the dogs’ handlers. As NPR learned, there is now an effort by some in the training community to eliminate the influence of their handlers’ suspicions to make dog searches more fair.<\/p>\n

The NPR report details an earlier study that<\/p>\n

tested the abilities of fourteen certified sniffer dogs to find hidden “targets.” In reality, the dogs’ human handlers were also under the magnifying glass. They were led to believe there were hidden target scents present, when in fact there were none. Nevertheless, the dogs “alerted” to the scents multiple times \u2014 especially in locations where researchers had indicated a scent was likely.<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2017\/11\/20\/563889510\/preventing-police-bias-when-handling-dogs-that-bite<\/a> (last visited December 14, 2017).\u00a0 Whether it is racial bias or just a pre-set notion of what circumstances make it appear likely that drugs will be present, a drug dog handler\u2019s expectation may be the trigger for the \u2018alert\u2019 that drugs are present.\u00a0 Whether a search then finds something unlawful or just leaves the subject feeling aggrieved and humiliated, the problem is real.<\/p>\n

Let\u2019s go back to the comments.\u00a0 The second quote is from a case where a defendant, on post-conviction proceedings, claims he was pressured into accepting a plea deal in part because his lawyer told him that there was racial bias in judicial decision-making.\u00a0 Forget that the lawyer denied saying that; the question is, is race still [yet again] a thumb on the scales?<\/p>\n

A recent article raises this concern over arguably the simplest of determinations \u2013 a judge\u2019s assessment of the sincerity of the words \u201cI\u2019m sorry\u201d when a defendant stands before the court for sentencing.\u00a0 After surveying an overwhelming body of research on how implicit or subconscious bias affects judicial decision-making in all aspects of a criminal case, the author turns to how remorse is assessed and concludes that<\/p>\n

it is not surprising that judges have difficulty empathizing with defendants who seem at once radically different from the judge\u2019s social group and irretrievably flawed. The second aspect of implicit social cognition important to understanding implicit bias in punishment is the problem of out-group empathy. Empathy allows us to \u201cread\u201d the emotional expressions of others more accurately, or at least pose the right questions so that understanding is possible.<\/p>\n

Hanan, \u201cRemorse Bias,\u201d Missouri Law Review, Vol. 83, No. 2, 2018 Forthcoming, UNLV William S. Boyd School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper (https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3079788#%23<\/a>) .<\/p>\n

And what is to be done?\u00a0 For the dogs, there is some training of dog handlers that now strives to remove or diminish the risk of handler \u2018contamination\u2019 of a dog\u2019s judgment.\u00a0 For judges, the task is infinitely more difficult.\u00a0 Implicit bias training can go only so far.\u00a0 So it may fall to the advocate to have to recognize this risk and create new and more persuasive means of showing that \u201cI\u2019m sorry\u201d represents true remorse to overcome a prejudgment that it does not.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  We are often told that \u201cjustice is color blind.\u00a0 But research continues to expose the fallacy of this contention, particularly when it comes to subconscious bias.\u00a0 And where must we worry about bias as affecting judgment?\u00a0 Consider these two statements: 1. \u201cA [drug detection] dog’s\u2026 reliability is established for the purpose of admitting the<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"generate_page_header":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,3,6,11],"tags":[],"coauthors":[238],"class_list":["post-2110","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-advocacy","category-advocacy-and-evidence-blog","category-criminal-law","category-trial-advocacy"],"yoast_head":"\nBias, Dogs, and "I'm Sorry" - Advocacy and Evidence Resources<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/2018\/01\/24\/bias-dogs-im-sorry\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Bias, Dogs, and "I'm Sorry" - Advocacy and Evidence Resources\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"  We are often told that \u201cjustice is color blind.\u00a0 But research continues to expose the fallacy of this contention, particularly when it comes to subconscious bias.\u00a0 And where must we worry about bias as affecting judgment?\u00a0 Consider these two statements: 1. \u201cA [drug detection] dog’s\u2026 reliability is established for the purpose of admitting the\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/2018\/01\/24\/bias-dogs-im-sorry\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Advocacy and Evidence Resources\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2018-01-24T14:15:04+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2021-12-16T14:57:51+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2017\/12\/implicit-bias.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1440\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"808\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Jules M Epstein (hehimhis)\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Jules M Epstein (hehimhis)\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/2018\/01\/24\/bias-dogs-im-sorry\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/2018\/01\/24\/bias-dogs-im-sorry\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Jules M Epstein (hehimhis)\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/#\/schema\/person\/ebe47f403ad14e2c5faec834f2d8472e\"},\"headline\":\"Bias, Dogs, and “I’m Sorry”\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-01-24T14:15:04+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-12-16T14:57:51+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/2018\/01\/24\/bias-dogs-im-sorry\/\"},\"wordCount\":722,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/2018\/01\/24\/bias-dogs-im-sorry\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/law-dev.temple.edu\/aer\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2017\/12\/implicit-bias-300x168.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Advocacy\",\"Advocacy and Evidence Blog\",\"Criminal Law\",\"Trial Advocacy\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/2018\/01\/24\/bias-dogs-im-sorry\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/2018\/01\/24\/bias-dogs-im-sorry\/\",\"name\":\"Bias, Dogs, and \\\"I'm Sorry\\\" - 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