{"id":2011,"date":"2017-08-05T08:18:06","date_gmt":"2017-08-05T12:18:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www2.law.temple.edu\/aer\/?p=2011"},"modified":"2021-12-16T14:58:21","modified_gmt":"2021-12-16T14:58:21","slug":"characteror-character-plus","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/2017\/08\/05\/characteror-character-plus\/","title":{"rendered":"CHARACTER\u2026OR CHARACTER PLUS?"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/em><\/p>\n

In one sense the rules on using proof of character to explain conduct are simple \u2013 no character evidence in civil cases, some<\/em> character evidence in criminal cases, and when character evidence is allowed it must be limited to the pertinent trait.\u00a0 There are honest murderers, but no non-violent murderers; and there are violent thieves, but no honest ones.<\/p>\n

What, then, does one make of the testimony that was offered in a recent prosecution of a police officer charged with murdering a civilian during a traffic stop?\u00a0 The competing versions were simple \u2013 the prosecution claimed the officer shot without case and the officer claimed the driver was reaching for a weapon.\u00a0 The charge \u2013 manslaughter.<\/p>\n

As described in the New York Times, \u201c[d]efense lawyers have sought to paint Officer Yanez as a sympathetic figure, a Minnesota native who became the first in his family to graduate from college and who dreamed of becoming a police officer.\u201d\u00a0 \u2018I HAD NO CHOICE,\u2019 MINNESOTA OFFICER TESTIFIES ON SHOOTING, New York Ti,es, June 9, 2017 https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2017\/06\/09\/us\/jeronimo-yanez-philando-castile-minnesota-shooting.html?emc=eta1&_r=0<\/a><\/p>\n

Is that character?\u00a0 If the answer is \u201cyes,\u201d then it was completely out of bounds.\u00a0 The crime of manslaughter in Minnesota occurs \u201cby the person’s culpable negligence whereby the person creates an unreasonable risk, and consciously takes chances of causing death or great bodily harm to another\u2026\u201d\u00a0 What character trait(s) may be pertinent?\u00a0 Carefulness, and probably non-violence.\u00a0 The proffered testimony speaks to neither.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

The natural reply is \u201cwait a minute.\u201d\u00a0 This is just background, akin to \u201cwhat\u2019s your name,\u201d \u201cwhere are you from,\u201d and \u201chow long have you been a police officer.\u201d \u00a0\u00a0Yet those questions are more generic, and this credentialing of the officer went beyond.\u00a0 And if this is permissible credentialing, it also has a character message \u2013 this is not the kind of person who would commit a negligent killing.\u00a0 At a minimum, it could not be so argued by the defense in closing.<\/p>\n

Is there another basis for admission?\u00a0 A possible argument is to establish a lack of bias, bias in the sense of a prejudice toward certain classes of people.\u00a0 The relevance chain would be as follows \u2013 the Officer joined the force to help all people, he did not presume that the driver here [an African-American male] was dangerous, and thus he did not behave in a way that \u2013 to turn to the elements of the Manslaughter statute \u2013 \u201ccreate[d] an unreasonable risk[] and consciously [took] chances of causing death\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

Whether there is a legal basis for this testimony is clearly subject to debate; and if there is some ground for admissibility its use \u2013 especially in closing argument \u2013 must be cabined.\u00a0 But one more point warrants discussion \u2013 how the admissibility determination is to be made.<\/p>\n

This testimony came in, apparently, without a pretrial assessment.\u00a0 Thus, the only regulatory tool was the objection.\u00a0 Consider these optics [understanding that this is an imaginary rendering]:<\/p>\n

Q:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Good Morning.\u00a0 Please tell the jury your name.<\/p>\n

A:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Officer X.<\/p>\n

Q:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Officer X, let\u2019s get right to it.\u00a0 Tell the jurors why you shot the deceased.<\/p>\n

A:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 He was reaching for a gun in his waistband, after I told him not to.<\/p>\n

Q:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sir, I am going to return to that.\u00a0 But first a bit about your background.\u00a0 Are you a native Minnesotan?<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 PROSECUTOR: Objection.<\/p>\n

Q:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How far did you go in school?<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 PROSECUTOR: Objection.<\/p>\n

Q:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Why did you become a police officer?<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 PROSECUTOR: Objection.<\/p>\n

What is the jury thinking?\u00a0 This seems like perfectly reasonable information to rely on, and the prosecutor doesn\u2019t want us to hear it?\u00a0 Isn\u2019t this supposed to be a fair trial where we take information and judge what was a split-second event?<\/em><\/p>\n

The point here is advocacy \u2013 either restrict the information to its proper scope and use pre-trial, or run the risk of looking obstructionist and unfair.\u00a0 In the meantime, lawyers [and judges] need to hone their understanding of what is proper character evidence, and how character lurks in credentialing questions.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In one sense the rules on using proof of character to explain conduct are simple \u2013 no character evidence in civil cases, some character evidence in criminal cases, and when character evidence is allowed it must be limited to the pertinent trait.\u00a0 There are honest murderers, but no non-violent murderers; and there are violent thieves,<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"generate_page_header":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,3,7,11],"tags":[],"coauthors":[238],"class_list":["post-2011","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-advocacy","category-advocacy-and-evidence-blog","category-evidence","category-trial-advocacy"],"yoast_head":"\nCHARACTER\u2026OR CHARACTER PLUS? - Advocacy and Evidence Resources<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/2017\/08\/05\/characteror-character-plus\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"CHARACTER\u2026OR CHARACTER PLUS? 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