{"id":1883,"date":"2017-01-26T11:06:27","date_gmt":"2017-01-26T16:06:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www2.law.temple.edu\/aer\/?p=1883"},"modified":"2021-12-16T14:58:23","modified_gmt":"2021-12-16T14:58:23","slug":"memory-science-trial-lawyers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/2017\/01\/26\/memory-science-trial-lawyers\/","title":{"rendered":"MEMORY SCIENCE FOR TRIAL LAWYERS"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The more a trial is based on live witness testimony, the more it is an exercise in assessing (and sometimes only guessing) whether memory equals fact.\u00a0 What has been written about eyewitness <em>identification <\/em>\u00a0testimony \u2013 that \u201c in light of the malleable nature of <strong>memory<\/strong>, the effectiveness of scrutinising identification evidence at <strong>trial<\/strong> is <strong>dependent<\/strong> on the extent to which past events can be accurately recounted by various witnesses\u201d (Roberts, \u201cThe Problem of Mistaken Identification: Some Observations on Process,\u201d IJEP 8 2 (100), April 1, 2004) \u2013 is true of all witness testimony about past events.\u00a0 In every case, the question must be asked \u2013 \u201cwhich past events <em>can<\/em> be accurately recounted by\u2026witnesses[?]\u201d<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>This means that trial lawyers must be memory science students.\u00a0 Below are some of the lessons trial lawyers need, all taken from Professor Julia\u00a0 Shaw\u2019s THE MEMORY ILLUSION: REMEMBERING, FORGETTING, AND THE SCIENCE OF FALSE MEMORY (Random House, London, 2016).<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1885 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/law-dev.temple.edu\/aer\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2017\/01\/julia-shaw-book-1-5-17.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"178\" height=\"284\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>MEMORY AND EMOTIONAL\/PHYSICAL AROUSAL:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A person\u2019s memory of an event will retain more details if there is <em>some<\/em> emotional arousal at the time of observation, but if emotional arousal is too great memory performance drops off.\u00a0 Performance looks like this:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-1884\" src=\"https:\/\/law-dev.temple.edu\/aer\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2017\/01\/memory-and-arousal-1-5-17-300x175.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"175\" srcset=\"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2017\/01\/memory-and-arousal-1-5-17-300x175.jpg 300w, https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/aer\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2017\/01\/memory-and-arousal-1-5-17.jpg 597w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>But the arousal curve is not enough to understand memory performance.\u00a0 As arousal increases, detail focus narrows so that \u2013 in Shaw\u2019s terms \u2013 \u201c[w]e become better at remembering critical information about the [arousing incident]\u2026but we often become worse at remembering contextual\u00a0 information.\u201d\u00a0\u00a0 Lawyers must determine arousal level at time of observation <em>and<\/em> then be able to assess claims of detail recall <em>and show factfinders why and how those claims may be exaggerated<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>SELECTIVE ATTENTION:<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This is a simple, and evolutionary phenomenon in our brains.\u00a0 We are bombarded with information and selectively filter out what we need, based on environment and experience.\u00a0 Need proof of this phenomenon?\u00a0 Test your ability to focus at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Lw-YPKR0grk\">focus test video<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>AWARENESS OF MEMORY LIMITATIONS:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>It is not bad enough that myths about memory \u2013 that there are \u201cflashbulb\u201d events seared into our brains or that the mind works like a video camera \u2013 persist.\u00a0 There is a general belief that we as individuals can do the task of remembering well and that we \u201cseem to systematically under-predict how much we <em>will<\/em> forget.\u201d\u00a0 The problem here is two-fold \u2013 the witness claiming memory accuracy, and the factfinder\u2019s assessment of the same.<\/p>\n<p><strong>CHILDREN AND MEMORY:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>What may be a positive factor in assessing memory reliability is that the average age at which we can \u201cform memories that last into adulthood is 3.5 years\u2026\u201d\u00a0 What remains of concern is suggestibility \u2013 the younger the subject, the greater the risk of altering memory (or falsifying it) by suggestive questioning.<\/p>\n<p>Shaw\u2019s book is filled with even more, and focused, lessons on memory.\u00a0 It is clear that she is an advocate for those who challenge memory reliability, particularly in court proceedings.\u00a0 But her book is filled with study upon study to document how fragile memory is \u2013 and for those who litigate to \u2018prove\u2019 past events, memory knowledge is key.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The more a trial is based on live witness testimony, the more it is an exercise in assessing (and sometimes only guessing) whether memory equals fact.\u00a0 What has been written about eyewitness identification \u00a0testimony \u2013 that \u201c in light of the malleable nature of memory, the effectiveness of scrutinising identification evidence at trial is dependent<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"generate_page_header":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,3,11],"tags":[],"coauthors":[238],"class_list":["post-1883","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-advocacy","category-advocacy-and-evidence-blog","category-trial-advocacy"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is 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