{"id":3545,"date":"2023-03-13T13:19:55","date_gmt":"2023-03-13T17:19:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www2.law.temple.edu\/10q\/?p=3545"},"modified":"2023-03-13T13:19:55","modified_gmt":"2023-03-13T17:19:55","slug":"the-third-circuits-new-one-step-good-faith-as-purpose-in-ltl","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/10q\/the-third-circuits-new-one-step-good-faith-as-purpose-in-ltl\/","title":{"rendered":"The Third Circuit\u2019s New One-Step: Good Faith as Purpose in LTL"},"content":{"rendered":"

The Third Circuit\u2019s recent opinion in LTL<\/em><\/a>-the so-called \u201cTexas Two-Step\u201d case- might surprise some bankruptcy watchers. Previously, one might have thought that a chapter 11 debtor could defeat a motion to dismiss as having been filed in \u201cbad faith\u201d by showing either <\/em>that the debtor: (1) was in financial trouble; or <\/em>(2) had many creditors.<\/p>\n

LTL<\/em>, by contrast, suggests that the Third Circuit may be choreographing a new dance\u2014a \u201cone-step\u201d?\u2014that focuses solely on the underlying policy goals of chapter 11 despite numerosity, where future threats to enterprise solvency are uncertain. In LTL, <\/em>consumer-products giant Johnson & Johnson was defending about 38,000 lawsuits arising from allegations that its talc products contained asbestos. Although talc liability \u201cput financial pressure\u201d on J&J, it had won or settled many cases. Still, J&J tried to contain its projected liability in a new subsidiary (LTL) formed pursuant to a \u201cdivisional merger\u201d under Texas law, which then became the debtor in the LTL <\/em>chapter 11.<\/p>\n

To avoid the plausible claim that this was little more than a fancied-up fraudulent transfer<\/a>, parent J&J entered into a \u201cfunding agreement\u201d with LTL, under which J&J committed the full value of its now-liability-free consumer products subsidiary\u2014$61.5 billion\u2014 to pay talc claims. Tort plaintiffs moved to dismiss the bankruptcy on grounds that it was filed in bad faith. LTL responded that the case was filed in good faith, because it would surely pay more tort creditors more through a chapter 11 plan than the much-maligned \u201ctort system\u201d. The Bankruptcy Court accepted this argument, and denied the motion to dismiss.<\/p>\n

Third Circuit Judge Ambro disagreed.\u00a0 \u201cGood intentions,\u201d he wrote for a unanimous panel that reversed the Bankruptcy Court, \u201csuch as to protect the J&J brand or comprehensively resolve litigation do not suffice alone. What counts to access the Bankruptcy Code’s safe harbor is to meet its intended purposes. Only a putative debtor in financial distress can do so. LTL was not.\u201d<\/p>\n

Most analysis will focus on the solvency leg of the analysis. But LTL <\/em>may have broader implications for how we think about the purpose of chapter 11. One can imagine that LTL sought to use bankruptcy not merely to provide a more efficient resolution to its talc liability. Instead, my hunch is that an unstated purpose in LTL <\/em>was to enable J&J to control the process by which liability would be determined, all while keeping J&J free from the scrutiny, risk, and hassle of chapter 11.<\/p>\n

Like most chapter 11 tortfeasors, LTL would probably have used a plan of reorganization to force creditors into expedited claim allowance processes and to impair or eliminate the right to a jury trial, at the expense of individual protections from Congress and the Supreme Court. Meanwhile, J&J\u2019s other operations would largely be immune from creditor scrutiny, \u201cborrowing\u201d LTL\u2019s bankruptcy benefits without its burdens.<\/p>\n

On this view, several controversial cases (notably Purdue Pharma<\/a><\/em>) might warrant closer scrutiny. Like J&J, Purdue Pharma faced no immediate financial crisis\u2014it had no funded debt. Like J&J, Purdue Pharma\u2019s owners, the Sacklers, undertook \u201cdefensive maneuvers\u201d before bankruptcy to protect their fortune and brand. Like LTL<\/em>, Purdue Pharma\u2019s plan (the subject of a pending appeal in the Second Circuit), would shield the owners of the company on grounds that this resolution maximized value.<\/p>\n

Of course, the response would be that the Purdue Pharma <\/em>case is three-and-a-half years old and in a different Circuit.\u00a0 No one sought to dismiss that case.\u00a0 <\/em>But, as I explain here<\/a>, efforts to fight the deal Purdue Pharma and the Sacklers sought to implement in bankruptcy met strong resistance from the bankruptcy judge, the debtors and, ultimately, most creditor groups. A motion to dismiss would surely have been treated with similar skepticism.<\/p>\n

\u201cGood faith\u201d is a composite impression, akin to a policy judgment, so it is difficult to say that either the Bankruptcy Court or the Third Circuit in LTL <\/em>was \u201cwrong.\u201d Instead, LTL <\/em>may signal growing concern by Article III courts that chapter 11\u2019s reach exceeds its grasp. The Third Circuit\u2019s opinion in LTL <\/em>echoes the skepticism of District Courts in Ascena <\/em>and 3M <\/em>about the use of bespoke concoctions such as nondebtor releases and sweeping preliminary injunctions to displace other courts and other legal processes.<\/p>\n

Whether the Second Circuit will continue this trend in Purdue Pharma<\/em>, where its nondebtor releases are sub judice, remains to be seen.<\/p>\n

Jonathan C. Lipson is the Harold E. Kohn Chair and Professor of Law of Temple University\u2014Beasley School of Law.<\/a> He represented a wrongful death claimant on a pro bono basis in the Purdue Pharma case and later filed an amicus brief before the Second Circuit opposing certain aspects of Purdue Pharma\u2019s reorganization plan.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Temple Law Professor Jonathan C. Lipson details Third Circuit\u2019s LTL decision indicating shifting policy goals of chapter 11, and what this means for future and controversial cases (full article link). <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":3546,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2550,13,8],"tags":[2593,2594,77,80,337,2595,2596,796,2597,625,2598,2599,566],"coauthors":[289],"class_list":["post-3545","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-business-law","category-business-law-practice","category-faculty-authored","tag-asbestos","tag-bad-faith","tag-bankruptcy","tag-business-law","tag-chapter-11","tag-debtor","tag-divisional-merger","tag-fraudulent-transfer","tag-johnson-johnson","tag-liability","tag-ltl","tag-motion-to-dismiss","tag-third-circuit","masonry-post","generate-columns","tablet-grid-50","mobile-grid-100","grid-parent","grid-33"],"yoast_head":"\nThe Third Circuit\u2019s New One-Step: Good Faith as Purpose in LTL - The Temple 10-Q<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/law.temple.edu\/10q\/the-third-circuits-new-one-step-good-faith-as-purpose-in-ltl\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Third Circuit\u2019s New One-Step: Good Faith as Purpose in LTL - The Temple 10-Q\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Temple Law Professor Jonathan C. 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